Applied Physics in the 21st Century (Horizons in World Physics)

APPLIED PHYSICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY, (HORIZONS IN WORLD PHYSICS, VOLUME 266)......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
SUMMARY OF THE ARTICLE......Page 17
A. INTRODUCTION TO METAL OXIDES......Page 18
1.1. Summary......Page 19
1.3. Introduction to Photo-Catalysis......Page 20
1.5. Oxygenation of Blood by Photo-Catalysis......Page 22
1.6. Challenges in the Process of Oxygenation by Photocatalysis......Page 24
2.2. Introduction......Page 25
2.2. Surface Plasmons and Fluorescence in Silver – Silver Oxide NanoClusters......Page 26
2.4. Fluorescence from Photo-Activated Nano-Silver Oxide......Page 28
3.2. Introduction......Page 32
3.3. The Optical Absorption Process in Tungsten Oxide Thin Films......Page 34
3.3. Kelvin Probe Studies......Page 37
3.4. A Brief Outline on Nano-Electro-Chromics Materials and Processes......Page 39
3.6. Morphology of WO3 Nanowire Thin Films......Page 43
3.7. Growth of Layered Tungsten Oxide Thin Films......Page 50
3.8. Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Properties of WO3 Thin Films......Page 51
3.8.1. Structural properties of electron bombarded WO3 films......Page 52
3.8.2. Optical properties of electron bombarded WO3 films......Page 53
3.8.3. Compositional studies of electron bombarded WO3 films......Page 54
3.8.4. Surface morphology of electron bombarded WO3 films......Page 55
3.8.5. Luminescence in electron bombarded samples......Page 58
4.2. Introduction......Page 60
4.3. Measurements on p- type TCOs......Page 61
4.4. Progress in the Understanding of the Origin of Holes and p- type Conduction......Page 62
4.5. Systems with Spinel Structure......Page 63
4.6. Physical Properties of ZnO......Page 64
4.7. ZnO Homojunction......Page 66
4.8. Measurement of Charge Density by Hall Effect in p- type TCO Thin Films......Page 67
4.9. The Future Trends of the TCO Thin Films......Page 69
Present Day Technology for Lung Assisted Devices......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
ABSTRACT......Page 79
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 80
2.1. Nature of the Plasmas......Page 81
2.2. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE). Model for the Plasma......Page 82
2.3.1. Initiation mechanism: Multiphoton ionization (MPI) and electron impactionization (EII)......Page 84
2.3.2. Electron attachment, recombination and diffusion......Page 86
2.4.1. Line radiation......Page 87
2.4.3. Line Broadening; Determination of electron number density from Starkbroadening of spectral lines......Page 88
Pressure broadening:......Page 89
Stark broadening......Page 90
2.4.4. Determination of excitation, vibrational and rotational temperatures......Page 91
2.4.5. Ionization degree of the plasmas: Saha equation......Page 92
2.5.1. Laser parameters......Page 93
2.5.3. Laser absorption in the plasma......Page 94
3. EXPERIMENTAL......Page 95
3.1. Pulsed TEA CO2 Laser......Page 96
3.2. Spectrographs and Detectors......Page 97
3.3. Schematic Diagram for LIBS......Page 98
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 99
4.1. Identification of the Chemical Species in the Pulse Laser Ablation Plasma Plume......Page 102
4.2. Plasma Excitation, Vibrational and Rotational Temperature Measurements......Page 105
4.4. Electron Number Density......Page 110
4.5. Effect of Laser Irradiance......Page 112
4.6. Effect of Ambient Pressure on the Plasma......Page 113
4.7. Spatial Characterization......Page 116
4.8. Temporal Evolution of the Plasma......Page 118
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
ABSTRACT......Page 129
INTRODUCTION......Page 130
1.1. Principle of Operation of Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharges......Page 132
1.2. Optimization of the Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge......Page 134
1.3. Matching the Power Source and the Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge......Page 136
2.1. Experimental Setup......Page 138
2.2. Electric-Physical and Thermal-Physical Characteristics of Transformer Plasmatrons......Page 142
2.3. Thermal Production of Ozone in Plasma of Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge......Page 148
2.4. Synthesis of Nitrogen Monoxide in Plasma of the Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge......Page 151
2.5. Natural Gas Processing in Plasma of Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge......Page 158
3. TRANSFORMER LIGHT SOURCES......Page 159
3.1. Experimental Setups......Page 160
3.2 Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge in Mercury Vapour.......Page 165
3.2. Transformer Coupled Toroidal Discharge in Neon......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 181
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 185
2. EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION......Page 188
3.1. Microwave Dielectric Characterization in Low Permittivity Materials (Al2O3)......Page 191
3.2. Microwave Dielectric Characterization in High Dielectric Permittivity Materials......Page 192
3.3. Microwave Dielectric Characterization in ‘Normal’ and RelaxorFerroelectrics......Page 193
3.4.1. Stress effect analysis......Page 199
3.4.2. Poling field effect analysis......Page 202
3.4.3. Discussion......Page 204
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
1. NATURE'S SHAPES......Page 211
2. THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW......Page 213
3. CONSTRUCTAL THEORY OF INANIMATE NATURAL FLOW SYSTEMS......Page 215
4. CONSTRUCTAL VIEW OF ANIMATE FLOW SYSTEMS......Page 217
4.1. Systems View......Page 218
4.2. Colonies of Living Organisms......Page 220
4.3. Living Organisms that are Temporally Together as an Ongoing Group......Page 223
5. CITIES/COUNTRIES AND THE CONSTRUCTAL APPROACH......Page 225
5.2. Bringing New Insights to Science: Cities/Countries and Scaling Laws......Page 226
6. CONSTRUCTAL THEORY – A UNIFYING PERSPECTIVE......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
ABSTRACT......Page 233
1. CFD EVALUATION ON APPLICABILITY OF REYNOLDS EQUATION......Page 234
1.1. Geometry Models......Page 235
1.2. Modified Reynolds Equations for Groove Surface......Page 236
1.3. Numerical Results......Page 237
2.1. Models and Method......Page 241
Pressure drag on perpendicular planes......Page 242
Viscous force on perpendicular planes......Page 243
Surface pattern effect......Page 244
3. CONCLUSIONS......Page 245
1. SIMULATION OF DRAG CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSVERSE GROOVES IN TURBULENT FLOW......Page 246
1.2. CFD Simulation Method for Grooved Surface in Turbulent Flow......Page 247
Examination of the mesh independence and validation of the numerical results......Page 250
General drag characteristic of the transverse grooves in turbulent flow......Page 251
2.1. Effect of Reynolds Number......Page 252
2.2. Effect of Width-to-Depth Ratio......Page 253
Drag characteristic of the rectangular grooves......Page 255
NOMENCLATURE......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 257
INTRODUCTION......Page 261
I. CURRENT LIMITING BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF THE CAPTURE OF ELECTRONS AT GRAIN-BOUNDARY STATES......Page 263
II. CURRENT LIMITING EFFECT CAUSED BY ADSORPTION PROCESSES IN ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 268
III. CURRENT LIMITING IN CERAMICS BASED ON BaTO3 INDUCED BY THE CHANGE OF THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE......Page 276
IV. CURRENT SATURATION IN NANO-GRAINED OXIDE CERAMICS......Page 278
V. SUBLINEAR CURRENT-VOLTAGE DEPENDENCE IN Pb(ZrXTi1-X)O3 THIN FILMS......Page 282
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 285
ABSTRACT......Page 289
2. CHARACTERISATION OF TITANIUM SILICIDE THIN FILMS......Page 290
2.1. Silicide Thin Films from Sputtered and Evaporated Titanium......Page 291
2.2. Composition and Surface Morphology Analysis......Page 293
2.3. Cross-Section Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis......Page 296
2.4. Orientation Analysis......Page 297
3.1. Silicide Thin Films from Sputtered and Evaporated Nickel......Page 300
3.2. Composition and Surface Morphology Analysis......Page 303
3.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis......Page 305
3.4. Orientation Analysis......Page 307
3.5.1. Raman analysis of reference NiSi sample......Page 309
3.5.2. In situ measurement results for nickel on n-type (100) silicon......Page 310
3.5.3. In situ measurement results for nickel on p-type (100) silicon......Page 312
3.5.4. In situ measurement results for nickel on p-type (110) silicon......Page 313
4. CONCLUSION......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
ABSTRACT......Page 317
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 318
2. MAGNETIC MODIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 320
3.1. DC Magnetization Measurements......Page 323
3.2. AC Susceptibility Measurements......Page 325
3.3. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Measurements......Page 326
4. ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF MAGNETICALLY MODIFIED BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 330
5. CONCLUSION......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 333
ABSTRACT......Page 335
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 336
3. INFLUENCE OF POST-DEPOSITION COOLING RATE......Page 337
4. INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN PARTIAL PRESSURE......Page 338
4.1. Composition Analysis......Page 339
4.2. Crystallographic Orientation Analysis......Page 340
4.3. Surface Morphology Analysis......Page 341
5. IDENTIFICATION OF MODIFIED PSZT UNIT CELL......Page 342
5.1. Modified PSZT Unit Cell on Gold at 300 ºC......Page 343
5.3. Orientation of PSZT Thin Films on Gold at 300 ºC......Page 345
5.4. Orientation of PSZT Thin Films on Platinum at 650 ºC......Page 346
5.5. Section Summary......Page 347
6.1. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis......Page 348
6.2. Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis......Page 349
6.3. Electron Microscopy Analysis......Page 350
7. CONCLUSION......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 354
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 357
II. FUNDAMENTAL MODELS......Page 359
III. FABRICATION METHODS......Page 360
1) Fused Silica......Page 362
3) Phosphate Glasses......Page 363
4) Tellurite Glasses......Page 364
V. APPLICATIONS......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 366
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 369
2. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR d33 MEASUREMENTS......Page 371
3.2. Results and Discussion......Page 372
4. ESTIMATION OF d33 USING AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE......Page 374
4.2. Results and Discussion......Page 375
5. CONCLUSION......Page 378
REFERENCES......Page 379
ABSTRACT......Page 381
HYDROGEN ECONOMY......Page 382
PLASMA: REACTIVE MEDIUM TO OBTAIN HYDROGEN......Page 384
REFERENCES......Page 387
ABSTRACT......Page 389
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 390
2. THE DEPOSITION RATE IN HPPMS......Page 391
2.1. Non-Reactive HPPMS......Page 392
2.2. Reactive HPPMS......Page 396
3.1. The Effect of HPPMS on the Microstructure of Metal Nitride Films......Page 398
3.2. Phase Composition Tailoring of Metal Oxide Films Deposited By HPPMS......Page 400
4. SUMMARY......Page 402
5. REFERENCES......Page 403
INDEX......Page 407