Applied Microbiology and Bioengineering

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
About the Editor
Author Introduction
Preface
Microbial Tyrosinases: A Novel Enzyme, Structural Features, and Applications
	Introduction
	Mechanism of Tyrosinase Action
	Potential Applications of Tyrosinase
		Tyrosinase in Browning Reactions
		Tyrosinase in Resistance to Stress and Defense Against Pathogen
		Tyrosinase in Bioremediation
		Tyrosinase as Biosensor
		Tyrosinase in Biosynthetic Processes
			l -DOPA Production
	Microbial Tyrosinases
	Characteristics of Microbial Tyrosinases
		Structural and Active Site Characteristics Features of Microbial Tyrosinase
		Molecular Characteristics of Microbial Tyrosinase
	Conclusions
	References
Production of Bioethanol From Sugarcane Bagasse: Current Approaches and Perspectives
	Introduction
	Sugarcane Bagasse
	Various Microorganisms Degrading Bagasse
	Pretreatment of Bagasse
		Mechanical Comminution
		Pyrolysis
		Steam Pretreatment or Steam Explosion
		Acid Pretreatment
		Alkaline Pretreatment
		Thermal Pretreatment
		Biological Pretreatment
		Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Explosion Pretreatment
		Wet Oxidation Pretreatment
		Ozonolysis Pretreatment
		Organosolvent Pretreatment
	Cellulose Hydrolysis
	Detoxification
	Ethanol Production by Fermentation
	Application of Bagasse in the Production of Other Value-Added Products
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
	Further Reading
Improvement of the Amino-Sugar-1-Phosphate Acetyltransferase Activity of the Archaeal Bifunctional Protein
	Introduction
	Identification of the ST0452 Protein and Its Sugar-1-P NTase Activity
	Characterization of the Amsugar-1-P AcTase Activity of the ST0452 Protein
	Characterization by Introduction of Substitution Mutations
	Characterization via C-Terminal Truncation
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Recent Bio-Processing Technologies for Value Added Horticultural Products
	Introduction
	Horticultural Produce and Postharvest Losses
	Scope and Applications of Bio-Processing
	Quality of Processed Products
	Conclusion
	References
Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Potential Probiotic: Strategies for Isolation and Selection
	Introduction
	Screening and Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
		Isolation and Characterization
			Sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
			Medium Preparation
			Isolation
			Determination of Sugar Assimilation Property
			Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis
		In Vitro Studies to Determine the Probiotic Characteristics
			Antibacterial and Antifungal Drug Sensitivity
			Antagonistic Activity Against Human Pathogens
			Co-Culture Activity of Probiotics With Normal Intestinal Flora
			Stress Tolerance
			Determination of Pathogenicity
			Adhesion Assay
		Screening for Imunostimulating Properties
			Antioxidant Property
			Anticancer Properties
			Total Glutathione
			Free Radical Scavenging Property of Probiotics
			Nitric Oxide Scavenging Property of Probiotic Yeast
			Hydroxyl Scavenging Property of Probiotic Yeast
			Fe2+ Chelating Property of Probiotic Yeast
			Splenocyte Proliferation Activity
		Advanced Technologies for Selection of Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae
			RT-PCR
			RT-qPCR
			Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
			Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Ecological and Biotechnological Aspects of Methylobacterium mesophilicum
	Introduction
	General Aspects of Methylobacterium mesophilicum
		Methylobacterium mesophilicum Associated With Plants
	Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Smart Actuators for Innovative Biomedical Applications: An Interactive Overview
	Introduction
	Smart Actuators
		Ionic EAP
		Electronic EAP
	CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) Based Sensors
	Enzyme-Based Biosensor
	Integrated Biosensors
	Implantable Biosensors
		Operating Principle of Implantable Biosensors
		Applications of Smart Implanted Biosensor
	Smart Textile Biosensor
		Applications of Smart Textile Biosensors
	Surface Plasmon Resonance
		Principle of Surface Plasmon Resonance
		Working of Surface Plasmon Resonance
		Application of Surface Plasmon Resonance
	Applications of Smart Actuators in Biomedical Field
		Drug-Delivery Management Using Smart Micropump
		Smart Microrobot Arm for Handling of Small Samples
		Stepper Motor Actuator for Biomedical Applications Using Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite
		Microvalves for Controlled Direction and Delivery of Fluid
	Conclusion
	References
Recent Developments and Future Prospects of Natural and Synthetic Antitubercular Peptide Drugs
	Introduction
	Computational and Experimental Approaches to Design Peptide Libraries
		In Vitro Techniques
		In Silico Techniques: TOOLS, Databases and Webservers for in Silico Design, Screening and Selection of Antimicrobia ...
	Types of Peptides and Their Classification
		Natural Antitubercular Peptides
			Antimycobacterial Peptides Derived From Human Cells
			Antimycobacterial Peptides Derived From Microbes and Other Natural Sources
		Synthetic/Bioengineered Antitubercular Peptides
	Case Studies on Antitubercular Peptides
	Applications and Current Developments
	Challenges, Limitations and Solutions
	Future Directions
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Design and Development of Antibiotic Fermentation Using Different Processing Strategies: Challenges and Perspectives
	The Genesis of Penicillin
	Penicillin as β-Lactam: Products and Derivatives
	Production Strategies for Penicillin
		The Challenges of β-Lactam Antibiotics
	Cephalosporins
		Production Strategies for Cephalosporins
	Structural Modifications for Improvement in β-Lactam Antibiotics
	Antimicrobial Peptides
	Anti-MRSA Daptomycin Production
	Production Strategies for Daptomycin
	Cofactor(s) Manipulation and Utilization
		Precursor and Their Utilization
	Significance of Fed Batch Strategy
	Metabolic Flux Analysis Model
	Morphological Modifications and Immobilization Strategy
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
Current Perspectives and Future Strategies for Fructooligosaccharides Production Through Membrane Bioreactor
	Introduction
		Market Value of Oligosaccharides
		Human Gut Microbiota and Oligosaccharides
		Enzymatic Production of Oligosaccharides
	Fructooligosaccharide
	Production of FOS
		Fructosyltransferase
		β - d -Fructofuranosidase
		Enzymatic Production of FOS
		Whole-Cell Synthesis of FOS
		Immobilized Biocatalysis (Membrane-Based Bioreactor)
	Purification of FOS
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
		Conflict of Interest
	References
Effectual Bioprocess Development for Protein Production
	Introduction
	Industrial Hosts Used for Protein Production
		E. coli
		Yeast/Fungi
		Mammalian Cells
		Insect Cells
	Bioprocess Technologies
		Conventional Technologies
			Cell-Support Systems
		Modern Technologies
			Process Analytical Technology
			Scale-Out Technology
		Types of Bioreactors for Modern Technologies
			Wavy Bioreactor
			Rocker Bioreactor
			Pneumatic Bioreactor
			Ready-to-Use Technologies
		Use of High Throughput Process Devices
			Software
			Multivariate Analysis
			Sensors
			Data Storage
			Single-Use Technology
		Continuous Processing
		Approaches to Economical Production
	Future Perspective
	Acknowledgment
		Conflict of Interest
	References
Microalgae: A Way Forward Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment and Bio-Fuel Production
	Introduction
	Wastewater Treatment With Microalgae and Subsequent Biodiesel Production
	Microalgae Harvesting Techniques for Efficient Biofuel Production
	Summary
	References
Index
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