Applied Grounding & Bonding - Based on the 2017 National Electrical Code

Table of Contents
1 - Introduction
	Grounding and Bonding for Safety
	Earth in the Circuit
	Grounding Concepts
	Bonding Concepts
	Minimizing Shock Hazards
	Path for Current Through the Body
	Grounding and Bonding Concepts Together
	Performance Code Language
	Electrical Systems
	Summary
2 - Circuit Basics and Overcurrent Protection
	Circuit Fundamentals
	Ohm\'s Law
	Opposition to Current in Circuits
	Current in Circuits (Normal and Fault Current)
	Overcurrent Protection Basics
	Amperes Operate Overcurrent Protective Devices
	Time and Current
	Safety by System Design
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Capacity
	Summary
3 - Using the National Electrical Code
	Building a Solid Foundation
	NEC Arrangement and Application
	Enforcement and Approvals
	Requirements, Exceptions, Alternatives, and Information
	Permissive Code Language
	Explanatory Information
	Bracketed Text
	Defined Terms
	Code-Making Panel Responsibilities
	NEC Article 100 - Definitions of Grounding and Bonding Terms
	Section 250.2 Definition
	Article 200 - Use and Identification of Grounded Conductors
	Article 250 - Arrangement and Use
	Part I - General
	Table 250.66 - Sizing Grounding Electrode Conductors
	Table 250.102(C)(1) Sizing Grounded Conductors, Main Bonding Jumpers, System Bonding Jumpers, and Supply-Side Bonding Jumpers for Alternating-Current Systems
	Table 250.122 - Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors
	Special Occupancies, Equipment, and Conditions
	Summary
4 - Grounding Electrodes and the Grounding Electrode System
	Introduction
	Grounding Electrode Defined
	Purpose and Performance of Electrodes
	Grounding Electrode System Requirements
	Establishing a Grounding Electrode System
	Mandatory Grounding Electrodes
	Types of Grounding Electrodes
	Grounding Electrode Installation Requirements
	Lightning Protection Fundamentals
	Summary
5 - Requirements for Grounded Conductors at Services
	Grounded Utility Supply Systems
	First Line of Defense
	Grounding Scheme for Services
	Grounded Conductor Routing and Connections
	Main Bonding Jumpers in Service Equipment
	Dual-Fed Service Equipment
	Minimizing Impedance in Service Grounded Conductors
	Functions (Purposes) of the Grounded Service Conductor
	Grounded Neutral Conductor
	Requirements for Service Equipment (Listing)
	Grounded Conductor (Neutral) Disconnect Requirement for Services
	Requirements for Services Supplied by Ungrounded Systems
	Marking Equipment for Ungrounded Systems
	Grounding of Service Raceways and Enclosures
	Summary
6 - Grounding Electrode Conductors
	Grounding Electrode Conductor Basics
	Purpose of Grounding Electrode Conductors
	Current in Grounding Electrode Conductors
	Grounding Electrode Conductor Material
	Sizing Grounding Electrode Conductors
	Using Table 250.66
	Grounding Electrode Conductors for DC Systems
	Grounding Electrode Conductor Installation
	Effectiveness (Integrity) of the Grounding Path
	Grounding Electrode Conductor Connection Locations
	Grounding Electrode Conductor Connections
	Magnetic Field Concerns
	Summary
7 - Bonding Requirements
	Definitions of Bonding Terms
	Bonding Performance Criteria
	Maintaining Continuity
	Bonding Connections (Wire-Type Conductors)
	Cleaning Coated Surfaces
	Bonding Jumper and Bonding Conductor Length
	Equipment Bonding Jumpers (Function and Purpose)
	Sizing Requirements for the Supply Side and Load Side Applications
	Service Bonding Rules (Supply Side)
	Reducing Washers
	Boxes with Concentric or Eccentric Knockouts
	Sizing Supply-Side Bonding Jumpers (Wire Types)
	Load Side Bonding Rules
	Bonding Around Expansion Fittings and Loose-Joined Metal Raceways
	Bonding Other Metal Parts
	Summary
8 - Equipment Grounding Conductors
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Defined
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Basics
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Installations
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Connections
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Identification
	Equipment Grounding Conductor Sizing
	Current in Equipment Grounding Conductors
	Summary
9 - Grounding Electrical Equipment
	Purpose of Grounding Equipment
	General Grounding Rules for Equipment
	Conductor Enclosure and Raceway Grounding Requirements
	Methods of Grounding Equipment (Part VII of Article 250)
	Connections of Equipment Grounding Conductors
	Receptacle Grounding Connections
	Receptacle Replacements
	Grounding Appliances Using the Grounded Conductor
	Auxiliary Grounding Electrode Requirements
	Grounding Nonelectrical Equipment
	Equipment Grounded by Secure Metal Supports
	Use of the Grounded Conductor for Grounding
	Summary
10 - Isolated/Insulated Grounding Circuits and Receptacles
	Electrical Noise in Grounding Circuits
	Purpose of Isolated Grounding Circuits and Receptacles
	Objectionable Currents in Grounding Paths
	Power Quality System Grounding Analysis
	Isolated Grounding Circuits
	Use of Auxiliary Grounding Electrodes
	Grounding and Bonding in Information Technology Centers
	Signal Reference Structures (Grids)
	Surge Protection
	Summary
11 - Grounding at Separate Buildings or Structures
	Definitions
	Supplying Power to Separate Buildings or Structures
	Purpose of Grounding and Bonding at Separate Buildings or Structures
	Grounding Electrode Requirement
	Grounding Electrode Conductor
	Feeder and Branch Circuit Requirements
	Ungrounded Systems Supplying Separate Buildings or Structures
	Supplied by a Separately Derived System
	Building Disconnecting Means Requirements
	Metal Water Pipe Bonding and Other Bonding
	Disconnecting Means Remote from Building or Structure
	Buildings or Structures Supplied by Separately Derived Systems
	Buildings or Structures Supplied by an Ungrounded System
	Buildings or Structures Supplied by Generators
	Summary
12 - Grounding Electrical Systems
	Definitions
	System Grounding
	Methods of System Grounding
	System Grounding Requirements
	Mandatory System Grounding
	Optional System Grounding
	System Grounding Prohibition
	High-Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems
	Ungrounded Systems (Concepts)
	Summary
13 - Grounding and Bonding for Separately Derived Systems
	Definitions
	Determining a Separately Derived System
	Grounding Requirements
	Grounded Systems
	Grounding Electrodes
	Bonding Water Piping and Building Steel
	Outdoor Source
	Ungrounded Systems
	Generators and Transfer Equipment
	Grounding DC Systems
	Ungrounded DC Systems
	Summary
14 - Special Occupancies and Conditions
	Special Rules for Hazardous Locations
	Special Rules for Health Care Facilities
	Special Rules for Agricultural Installations
	Mobile and Manufactured Home Grounding and Bonding Rules
	Summary
15 - Grounding for Special Equipment
	Purpose of Grounding Equipment
	Electric Signs and Outline Lighting Systems
	Electric Cranes and Elevators
	Information Technology Equipment and Other Electronic Equipment
	Sensitive Electronic Equipment
	Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Swimming Pools and Similar Installations
	Grounding Requirements for Solar PV Systems
	Summary
16 - Grounding and Bonding for Communications Systems and Equipment
	Performance and Concepts
	Definitions
	Grounding and Bonding Performance
	Connecting to a Grounding Electrode
	Grounding Electrode Conductor Installation
	Intersystem Grounding and Bonding
	Common Grounding and Bonding Rules for Communications Systems
	Grounding and Bonding at Mobile Homes
	Radio and Television Equipment and Antennas
	Overvoltages and Lightning Events
	Summary
17 - Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters and Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment
	Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)
	Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment (GFPE)
	Summary
18 - Grounding Rules for Medium- and High-Voltage Systems
	Requirements for Grounding Systems
	Grounding Methods for Systems Over 1 kV
	Solidly Grounded Systems
	Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating Current Systems
	Impedance Grounding
	Portable or Mobile Equipment Grounding
	Grounding Equipment
	Substation Grounding Requirements
	Metal Structures and Fences
	Conductor Shielding and Stress Reduction
	Grounding Through Surge Arresters
	Engineered Grounding System Designs
	NEC Compliance
	Engineered Plans and Specifications
	Site Power Distribution Network
	Site Grounding and Bonding Plan
	Other Connected Sources
	Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems
	Common Grounding and Bonding Components
	Grounding Triads
	Summary
Annexes
	A - Investigation and Testing of Footing-Type Grounding Electrodes for Electrical Installations
	B - Steel Conduit and EMT for Equipment Grounding
	C - Short Circuit Current Calculations
	D - Chapter 9, Table 8 Conductor Properties
Index