Applied Fluid Mechanics

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 16
 The Big Picture......Page 18
  1.2 Basic Introductory Concepts......Page 20
  1.4 The U.S. Customary System......Page 21
  1.5 Weight and Mass......Page 22
  1.7 Consistent Units in an Equation......Page 23
  1.8 The Definition of Pressure......Page 25
  1.9 Compressibility......Page 27
  1.10 Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity......Page 28
  1.11 Surface Tension......Page 31
 Practice Problems......Page 32
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 35
 The Big Picture......Page 36
  2.1 Objectives......Page 37
  2.2 Dynamic Viscosity......Page 38
  2.3 Kinematic Viscosity......Page 39
  2.4 Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 40
  2.5 Variation of Viscosity with Temperature......Page 42
  2.6 Viscosity Measurement......Page 44
  2.7 SAE Viscosity Grades......Page 49
  2.9 Hydraulic Fluids for Fluid Power Systems......Page 50
 References......Page 51
 Practice Problems......Page 52
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 54
 The Big Picture......Page 55
  3.2 Absolute and Gage Pressure......Page 56
  3.3 Relationship between Pressure and Elevation......Page 57
  3.4 Development of the Pressure–Elevation Relation......Page 60
  3.5 Pascal’s Paradox......Page 62
  3.6 Manometers......Page 63
  3.7 Barometers......Page 68
  3.8 Pressure Expressed as the Height of a Column of Liquid......Page 69
  3.9 Pressure Gages and Transducers......Page 70
 Practice Problems......Page 72
 The Big Picture......Page 80
  4.2 Gases Under Pressure......Page 82
  4.3 Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids......Page 83
  4.4 Rectangular Walls......Page 84
  4.5 Submerged Plane Areas—General......Page 86
  4.6 Development of the General Procedure for Forces on Submerged Plane Areas......Page 89
  4.7 Piezometric Head......Page 90
  4.8 Distribution of Force on a Submerged Curved Surface......Page 91
  4.10 Forces on a Curved Surface with Fluid Below It......Page 95
  4.11 Forces on Curved Surfaces with Fluid Above and Below......Page 96
 Practice Problems......Page 97
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 109
 The Big Picture......Page 110
  5.2 Buoyancy......Page 111
  5.3 Buoyancy Materials......Page 118
  5.4 Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies......Page 119
  5.5 Stability of Floating Bodies......Page 120
  5.6 Degree of Stability......Page 124
 Practice Problems......Page 125
 Stability Evaluation Projects......Page 133
 The Big Picture......Page 134
  6.2 Fluid Flow Rate and the Continuity Equation......Page 135
  6.3 Commercially Available Pipe and Tubing......Page 139
  6.4 Recommended Velocity of Flow in Pipe and Tubing......Page 141
  6.5 Conservation of Energy—Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 144
  6.6 Interpretation of Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 145
  6.8 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 146
  6.9 Torricelli’s Theorem......Page 154
  6.10 Flow Due to a Falling Head......Page 157
 Internet Resources......Page 159
 Practice Problems......Page 160
 Analysis Projects Using Bernoulli’s Equation and Torricelli’s Theorem......Page 170
 The Big Picture......Page 171
  7.1 Objectives......Page 172
  7.2 Energy Losses and Additions......Page 173
  7.4 General Energy Equation......Page 175
  7.5 Power Required by Pumps......Page 179
  7.6 Power Delivered to Fluid Motors......Page 182
 Practice Problems......Page 184
 The Big Picture......Page 195
  8.2 Reynolds Number......Page 198
  8.3 Critical Reynolds Numbers......Page 199
  8.5 Friction Loss in Laminar Flow......Page 200
  8.6 Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow......Page 201
  8.7 Use of Software for Pipe Flow Problems......Page 207
  8.8 Equations for the Friction Factor......Page 211
  8.9 Hazen–Williams Formula for Water Flow......Page 212
  8.11 Nomograph for Solving the Hazen–Williams Formula......Page 213
 Practice Problems......Page 215
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 221
 The Big Picture......Page 222
  9.1 Objectives......Page 223
  9.3 Velocity Profile for Laminar Flow......Page 224
  9.4 Velocity Profile for Turbulent Flow......Page 226
  9.5 Flow in Noncircular Sections......Page 229
  9.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics......Page 233
 Practice Problems......Page 235
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 241
 The Big Picture......Page 242
  10.2 Resistance Coefficient......Page 244
  10.3 Sudden Enlargement......Page 245
  10.5 Gradual Enlargement......Page 248
  10.6 Sudden Contraction......Page 250
  10.7 Gradual Contraction......Page 253
  10.8 Entrance Loss......Page 254
  10.9 Resistance Coefficients for Valves and Fittings......Page 255
  10.10 Application of Standard Valves......Page 261
  10.11 Pipe Bends......Page 263
  10.12 Pressure Drop in Fluid Power Valves......Page 265
  10.13 Flow Coefficients for Valves Using CV......Page 268
  10.14 Plastic Valves......Page 269
  10.15 Using K-Factors in PIPE-FLO ® Software......Page 270
 Practice Problems......Page 275
 Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments......Page 280
 The Big Picture......Page 281
  11.2 Class I Systems......Page 282
  11.3 Spreadsheet Aid for Class I Problems......Page 287
  11.4 Class II Systems......Page 289
  11.5 Class II Systems......Page 295
  11.6 PIPE-FLO® Examples for Series Pipeline Systems......Page 298
  11.7 Pipeline Design for Structural Integrity......Page 301
 Practice Problems......Page 303
 Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments......Page 312
 The Big Picture......Page 313
  12.2 Systems with Two Branches......Page 315
  12.3 Parallel Pipeline Systems and Pressure Boundaries in PIPE-FLO®......Page 321
  12.4 Systems with Three or More Branches—Networks......Page 324
 Practice Problems......Page 331
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 334
 The Big Picture......Page 335
  13.1 Objectives......Page 336
  13.4 Positive-Displacement Pumps......Page 337
  13.5 Kinetic Pumps......Page 343
  13.6 Performance Data for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 347
  13.7 Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 349
  13.8 Manufacturers’ Data for Centrifugal Pumps......Page 350
  13.9 Net Positive Suction Head......Page 358
  13.11 Discharge Line Details......Page 363
  13.12 The System Resistance Curve......Page 364
  13.13 Pump Selection and the Operating Point for the System......Page 367
  13.14 Using Pipe-flo® for Selection of Commercially Available Pumps......Page 369
  13.15 Alternate System Operating Modes......Page 373
  13.16 Pump Type Selection and Specific Speed......Page 378
  13.17 Life Cycle Costs for Pumped Fluid Systems......Page 380
 References......Page 381
 Internet Resources......Page 382
 Practice Problems......Page 383
 Design Problems......Page 384
 Design Problem Statements......Page 385
 Comprehensive Design Problem......Page 387
 The Big Picture......Page 389
  14.1 Objectives......Page 390
  14.2 Classification of Open-Channel Flow......Page 391
  14.4 Kinds of Open-Channel Flow......Page 392
  14.5 Uniform Steady Flow in Open Channels......Page 393
  14.6 The Geometry of Typical Open Channels......Page 397
  14.8 Critical Flow and Specific Energy......Page 399
  14.9 Hydraulic Jump......Page 401
  14.10 Open-Channel Flow Measurement......Page 403
 Internet Resources......Page 407
 Practice Problems......Page 408
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 411
 The Big Picture......Page 412
  15.2 Flowmeter Selection Factors......Page 413
  15.3 Variable-Head Meters......Page 414
  15.6 Vortex Flowmeter......Page 421
  15.7 Magnetic Flowmeter......Page 423
  15.10 Mass Flow Measurement......Page 425
  15.11 Velocity Probes......Page 427
  15.13 Computer-Based Data Acquisition and Processing......Page 431
 Internet Resources......Page 432
 Practice Problems......Page 433
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 434
 The Big Picture......Page 435
  16.2 Force Equation......Page 436
  16.4 Problem-Solving Method Using the Force Equations......Page 437
  16.5 Forces on Stationary Objects......Page 438
  16.6 Forces on Bends in Pipelines......Page 440
  16.7 Forces on Moving Objects......Page 443
 Practice Problems......Page 444
 The Big Picture......Page 449
  17.2 Drag Force Equation......Page 451
  17.4 Drag Coefficient......Page 452
  17.6 Vehicle Drag......Page 458
  17.8 Lift and Drag on Airfoils......Page 460
 References......Page 462
 Practice Problems......Page 463
 The Big Picture......Page 467
  18.2 Gas Flow Rates and Pressures......Page 468
  18.3 Classification of Fans, Blowers, and Compressors......Page 469
  18.4 Flow of Compressed Air and Other Gases in Pipes......Page 473
  18.5 Flow of Air and Other Gases Through Nozzles......Page 478
 Internet Resources......Page 484
 Practice Problems......Page 485
 Computer Aided Engineering Assignments......Page 486
 The Big Picture......Page 487
  19.2 Energy Losses in Ducts......Page 489
  19.3 Duct Design......Page 494
  19.4 Energy Efficiency and Practical Considerations in Duct Design......Page 500
 Practice Problems......Page 501
 Appendix A Properties of Water......Page 505
 Appendix B Properties of Common Liquids......Page 507
 Appendix C Typical Properties of Petroleum Lubricating Oils......Page 509
 Appendix D Variation of Viscosity with Temperature......Page 510
 Appendix E Properties of Air......Page 513
 Appendix F Dimensions of Steel Pipe......Page 517
 Appendix G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing......Page 519
 Appendix H Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing......Page 522
 Appendix I Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe......Page 523
 Appendix J Areas of Circles......Page 524
 Appendix K Conversion Factors......Page 526
 Appendix L Properties of Areas......Page 528
 Appendix M Properties of Solids......Page 530
 Appendix N Gas Constant, Adiabatic Exponent, and Critical Pressure Ratio for Selected Gases......Page 532
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 533
 C......Page 542
 F......Page 543
 J......Page 544
 O......Page 545
 P......Page 546
 U......Page 547
 W......Page 548