Applied Coal Petrology. The Role of Petrology in Coal Utiliztion

About the Editors......Page 1
Contributing Authors......Page 2
Acknowledgments......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Fundamental Concepts......Page 7
Coal Resources, Mining, and Utilization......Page 8
Coal Resources and Production......Page 9
Coal Mining and Utilization......Page 11
Impacts Associated with Coal Mining......Page 13
Impacts of Coal Combustion......Page 14
Amelioration of Combustion Impacts......Page 15
The Role of Applied Coal Petrology......Page 16
History and Scope of Coal Petrology......Page 17
Coal Characteristics for Utilization......Page 18
Petrological Controls on Coal Characteristics......Page 20
Environmentally Significant Inorganic Components......Page 21
Evaluation and Significance of Coal Rank......Page 22
Integration of Coal Petrology in the Evaluation Process......Page 24
Coal Composition: Organic Components......Page 25
Macerals......Page 26
Microlithotypes......Page 35
Microlithotype Analysis......Page 36
Elemental Composition of Coal Macerals......Page 37
Organic Geochemistry......Page 40
Minerals and Mineral Matter......Page 42
Determination of Mineral Matter Content......Page 44
Mineral Analysis in Coal and LTA Samples......Page 45
Minerals in Coal and LTA Residue......Page 46
Nonmineral Inorganic Components......Page 48
Trace Elements in Coal......Page 50
Coal Metamorphism: Rank Determination......Page 52
Bulk Chemical Measurements of Rank......Page 55
Vitrinite Reflectance......Page 58
Fluorescence......Page 60
Coal Classification......Page 61
Coal Blends......Page 64
Introduction......Page 66
Coal Strength......Page 67
Coal Permeability, Premining Gas Drainage, and Outbursts......Page 69
Self-Heating and Spontaneous Combustion......Page 71
Breakage During Mining......Page 72
Breakage During Preparation......Page 75
Measurement of Coal Breakage Properties......Page 76
Grindability......Page 78
Maceral and Mineral Partitioning During Beneficiation......Page 81
Maceral Partitioning During Beneficiation......Page 82
Mineral and Trace Element Partitioning......Page 83
Froth Flotation/Column Flotation of Fine Particles......Page 85
Oil Agglomeration......Page 86
Magnetic Separation......Page 87
Triboelectrostatic Separation......Page 88
Introduction......Page 89
Combustion Processes and Technology......Page 90
Coal Behavior in Pulverization......Page 92
Combustion Properties of Coal......Page 95
Coal Characteristics for Combustion: Basic Combustion/Maceral Relationships......Page 96
Mineral Matter Behavior During Combustion......Page 98
Mineral Reactions Associated with Combustion......Page 100
Slagging and Fouling Processes......Page 103
Fate of Trace Elements in Combustion and Ash Formation......Page 107
Emissions 倀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀琀攀猀 㰀㄀　 洀甀洀Ⰰ 䘀氀礀 䄀猀栀Ⰰ 䐀椀漀砀椀渀猀Ⰰ 一伀砀Ⰰ 䌀伀㈀Ⰰ 匀伀㈀......Page 109
Fine Ash and Particulate Emissions......Page 110
Dioxins and Gaseous Oxides......Page 112
Flue Gas Desulfurization 䘀䜀䐀 Processes......Page 115
Fly Ash......Page 116
Carbon in Fly Ash......Page 117
Glass and Minerals in Fly Ash......Page 120
Processes and Methods for Coal Gasification......Page 122
Various Types of Gasifiers and Gasification Processes......Page 123
Fixed Bed Gasifiers......Page 125
Fluidized Bed Gasifiers......Page 126
Entrained Flow Gasifiers......Page 127
Main Characteristics and Properties of Coals for Gasification......Page 129
Ultimate and Sulphur Analysis......Page 130
Fischer Assay/Gray-King Assay for Tar or Oil Production......Page 131
Reactivity......Page 132
Petrographic Properties......Page 133
Mineral Characterization and Behavior During Gasification......Page 136
Ash Oxides......Page 138
Ash Fusion Temperatures......Page 139
Fate of Trace Elements During Gasification......Page 141
Characterization of Gasification Residues......Page 142
Advanced Gasification 倀漀氀礀最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䌀漀最愀猀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀......Page 144
Hydrogen Production via Cogasification......Page 145
Biomass Gasification......Page 146
Plasma Gasification......Page 147
Process and Methods for Coal Liquefaction......Page 148
Main Characteristics and Properties of Coals for Liquefaction......Page 150
Influence of Coal Petrologic Composition......Page 153
Solid Liquefaction Residues......Page 155
Fate of Vitrinite Group Macerals......Page 158
Fate of Liptinite Group Macerals......Page 161
Fate of Inertinite Group Macerals......Page 162
Fate of Mineral Matter......Page 163
Reactor Solids......Page 164
Applied Petrology......Page 166
The Coal-to-Coke Transformation......Page 175
Coke Petrology Classification......Page 178
Coke Strength Prediction......Page 182
Quinoline Insolubles......Page 188
Petroleum Coke......Page 190
Weathering......Page 192
Introduction......Page 195
Raw Materials and Precursors of Carbon Materials......Page 196
Optical Microscopy Approach to the Characterization of Coal-Derived Carbon Materials......Page 199
Petrographic Characteristics......Page 200
Quantitative Determinations......Page 207
Carbon Fibers......Page 212
Carbon-Carbon Composites......Page 214
Graphites......Page 217
Activated Carbons......Page 220
Carbon Foams......Page 224
Carbon-Based Materials from Precursors Other Than Coal......Page 226
Introduction......Page 228
Kerogen and Macerals......Page 229
Hydrocarbon Generation......Page 233
Coal-Bearing Petroleum Systems......Page 239
Coal as a Petroleum Reservoir Rock......Page 243
Adsorption and Gas Capacity......Page 244
Gas Content......Page 247
Porosity and Permeability......Page 249
Reservoir Pressure......Page 254
Reservoir Temperature and Gas-Phase Relationships......Page 258
Formation Water Chemistry and Basin Hydrology......Page 261
Introduction......Page 264
In-Ground Coal Environmental and Health Issues......Page 266
Coal Processing and Mining......Page 267
Miners' Health......Page 268
Water Quality: Acidic Drainage......Page 269
Mine Fires 匀瀀漀渀琀愀渀攀漀甀猀 䌀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀......Page 271
Coal Use: Emissions......Page 273
Sulfur Oxides......Page 274
Nitrogen Oxides......Page 275
Trace Elements......Page 276
Mercury......Page 277
Arsenic......Page 279
Fluorine......Page 280
Selenium......Page 281
PAHs......Page 282
Carbon Dioxide......Page 283
Coal Combustion Byproducts......Page 284
Final Comments......Page 286
Archaeology......Page 289
Environmental Recovery Studies......Page 295
Spontaneous Combustion......Page 296
Forensic Geology......Page 298
Automobile Brakes......Page 299
Bibliography......Page 302
B......Page 380
C......Page 381
F......Page 382
K......Page 383
M......Page 384
P......Page 385
T......Page 386
X......Page 387