Applied attention theory

Applied Attention Theory......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Editors......Page 5
Introduction......Page 6
Varieties of Attention......Page 7
Relation to Other Applied Domains......Page 8
Scaling Up Basic to Applied Research......Page 9
The Role of Models......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
Single-Channel Theory and the Psychological Refractory Period......Page 14
Applications of Single-Channel Theory to Workload Prediction......Page 17
Auditory Shadowing: Early versus Late Selection Theory......Page 19
Automaticity......Page 21
Conclusions......Page 24
Introduction......Page 25
Inattentional and Change Blindness......Page 26
Covert versus Overt Attention......Page 27
Posner’s Cuing Paradigm......Page 29
Central versus Peripheral Cuing......Page 31
Auditory and Cross-Modal Cuing......Page 33
Applied Implications of Attention Capture Research: Alarms and Attention Guidance......Page 35
Alert Salience......Page 36
Alert Reliability......Page 38
The Nature of Automation Errors: Error Salience and the Alert Threshold......Page 40
Event Base Rate......Page 41
Conclusion......Page 42
Introduction......Page 44
Eye Movement Measures......Page 46
Limits of Visual Scanning as a Measure of Attention......Page 48
Salience......Page 49
Information Content: Context......Page 51
Information Value......Page 52
Information Access Effort......Page 55
The SEEV Trade-Off Model......Page 58
Applications of the SEEV Model......Page 61
Novice–Expert Differences in Scanning......Page 63
Conclusions......Page 64
Introduction......Page 65
A Model of Applied Search......Page 66
The Parallel–Serial Distinction......Page 67
Parallel and Serial Processes in Search......Page 71
Attentional Guidance......Page 72
What Determines Search Efficiency?......Page 74
Attention Guidance and Display Design......Page 78
Spatial Grouping and Search......Page 79
Contextual Constraints on Search......Page 80
The Visual Lobe and the Useful Field of View......Page 82
Search Accuracy......Page 83
Conclusion......Page 84
Space-Based Attention Theory......Page 86
Object-Based Attention Theory......Page 87
The Proximity Compatibility Principle......Page 89
Task Proximity......Page 90
Display Proximity......Page 91
Sensory and Perceptual Similarities: Proximity in Space and Color......Page 92
Connections and Abutment......Page 93
Heterogeneous- versus Homogeneous-Featured Objects......Page 94
Proximity by Emergent Features......Page 95
Costs of Focused Attention: Is There a Free Lunch?......Page 98
Example 1......Page 99
Applications to Graph Design......Page 100
Ecological Interfaces, Navigation, and Supervisory Displays......Page 102
EID and Emergent Features......Page 103
Visual Momentum and Navigation......Page 104
Conclusions......Page 106
Effort in Single-Task Choice......Page 107
Effort in Selective Attention: The Choices to Stop Search and Limit Surveillance......Page 108
Effort in the Choice between Decision Strategies......Page 109
Effort, Salience and Accessibility in Choice Accuracy......Page 112
Effort in the Choice of a Feature to Use: Implications for System Design......Page 113
Effort in Information Integration: The Proximity Compatibility Principle......Page 114
Effort as Resources: Dual-Task Performance......Page 115
Relevance of Effort Concept for Mental Workload......Page 119
Computed Primary Task Properties......Page 120
Physiological Measures......Page 121
Conclusions to Workload Measurement......Page 122
The Generation Effect......Page 123
Learning Performance Dissociation Mediated by Effort......Page 124
Conclusions......Page 126
Multiple Resource Theory......Page 128
History and Origins......Page 129
Stages......Page 131
Perceptual Modalities......Page 133
Visual Channels......Page 134
Processing Codes......Page 135
The Multiple Resource Model Revisited......Page 136
A Computational Model of Multiple Resource Interference......Page 137
Auditory Preemption......Page 138
Cooperation......Page 139
Confusion......Page 140
Conclusion......Page 141
Introduction......Page 143
Executive Control......Page 144
Task Switching......Page 145
Task Interleaving......Page 149
Interruption Management......Page 150
Strategic Factors and the Stopping Point......Page 151
Salience......Page 153
Strategies that Were Carried Out at Switch 1......Page 154
Task and Workload Management......Page 155
Conclusion......Page 158
Attention as a Skill......Page 159
Specific Time-Sharing Skills......Page 160
Attentional Components......Page 164
Time-Sharing Ability......Page 165
Attention and Working Memory......Page 166
Attention and Aging......Page 168
Declining Attentional Function......Page 169
Coping with Age-Related Attentional Changes......Page 171
Conclusions......Page 173
Introduction......Page 175
Neuroergonomic Methods......Page 176
Neuroimaging of Resources and Workload......Page 177
Electrophysiological Indices of Workload......Page 178
Operator State Assessment with Psychophysiological Measures......Page 181
Conclusions......Page 183
References......Page 184