Applications of Ionic Liquids in the Oil Industry: Towards A Sustainable Industry

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Applications of Ionic Liquids in the Oil Industry: Towards A Sustainable Industry
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Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Structure, Properties and Applications of Ionic Liquids
	Introduction
		Synthesis of ILs
		Technology Development Using ILs
		Large-scale Applications in the Oil Industry
	Concluding Remarks
	References
2. Application of ILs in the Removal of Pollutants Present in Gasoline and Diesel
	Introduction
		Environmental Problems Due to the Presence of Sulfur Compounds in Fuels
		Application of ILs in the Desulfurization of Oil Derived Fuels
		Oxidative Desulfurization
		Application of ILs in the Denitrogenation of Oil-derived Fuels
		Application of ILs in the Removal of Fluorinated Compounds from Alkylation Gasolines
	Concluding Remarks
	References
3. Application of Ionic Liquids in CO2 Capture
	Introduction
		CO2 Capture with ILs
		Functionalized ILs for CO2 Capture
		Separation and Capture of CO2 by Means of Supported-ILs Membranes
		Transformation and Valorization of CO2
	Concluding Remarks
	References
4. Application of ILs in the Breaking of Emulsions Found in the Oil Industry
	Introduction
		Parameters that Play a Role in the Demulsification Process
		Salinity
		Temperature
		pH
		Particle Size
		Water Content
		Stirring Rate
		Commercial Demulsifiers for Breaking W/O Emulsions
		ILs as Demulsifying Agents of W/O Emulsions
	Concluding Remarks
	References
5. Application of ILs in the Transport of Heavy and Extra-heavy Crude Oils
	Introduction
	Concluding Remarks
	References
6. Application of ionic liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil Industry
	Introduction
		Corrosion Theory
		Physical Corrosion
		Chemical Corrosion
		Electrochemical Corrosion
		Microbiological Corrosion
		Uniform or General Corrosion
		Pitting Corrosion
		Erosion Corrosion
		Stress Corrosion
		Galvanic or Bimetallic Corrosion
		Cavitation Corrosion
		Corrosion via Embrittlement and Hydrogen Blistering
		Corrosion Monitoring in the Oil Industry
		Corrosion Control
		Corrosion Inhibitors
		Action mechanism of inhibitors
		Evaluation of the Toxicity of Inhibitors
		Techniques for Evaluating the Performance of Corrosion inhibitors
		Gravimetric Techniques
		Electrochemical Techniques
			Polarization Resistance
			Tafel Extrapolation cursive
			Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
			Electrochemical Noise
		Research in the Development of CIS for the Oil Industry
		Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors
	Concluding Remarks
	References
7. Ionic Liquids as Inhibitors of Hydrate Formation in Deepwater Wells
	Iintroduction
		Structure of Methane Hydrates
		Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Hydrate Formation
		Chemicals to Prevent Gas Hydrate Formation
		ILs as Hydrate Formation Inhibitors
		Dual-purpose ILs with Simultaneous LDHIs and Corrosion Inhibitors
	Concluding Remarks
	References
8. ILs Applied to Enhance Oil Recovery Processes
	Introduction
	Concluding Remarks
	References
9. Applications of ILs as Catalysts in the Reaction to Obtain Alkylate Gasoline
	Introduction
		ILs as Catalysts to Obtain Alkylate Gasoline
		Brønsted Acid ILs as Catalysts of Isobutane/Butene Alkylation
		Lewis Acid ILs as Catalysts of Isobutane/Butene Alkylation
		Brønsted-Lewis acid ILs
		Supported-ILs
	Concluding Remarks
	References
10. Other Applications of ILs in the Petroleum Industry
	Introduction
		Separation of Light Hydrocarbons Employing ILs
		Separation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Using ILs
		ILs in Shale Stabilization Processes
		IL-assisted Bitumen Extraction from Oil Sand
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Final conclusions and Future Prospects
Subject Index
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