Applications of Enzymes to Lignocellulosics

Title Page......Page 1
About the Cover......Page 2
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
1 Applications of Biotechnology in the Forest Products Industry......Page 8
Biopulping......Page 9
Fibre Modification......Page 11
Altering Refining Energy......Page 14
Enhancing Drainage and Machine Speed......Page 16
Bleaching......Page 17
Whitewater Treatment......Page 20
Deinking......Page 21
Secondary Fibre Processing......Page 22
Wood Residue Utilisation......Page 23
Predictions for Future Applications......Page 25
References......Page 27
2 Lignocellulose Modifying Enzymes for Sustaniable Technologies......Page 36
THE FIRST ENERGY CRISIS IN 1973......Page 37
THE CHLORINE CRISIS IN 1985......Page 39
SUSTAINABLE PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURE IN THE 1990s......Page 41
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL IN 1997......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
3 Lignocellulose Processing with Oxidative Enzymes......Page 51
Peroxidases......Page 52
Laccases......Page 53
Surface Chemistry Of Pulp Fibres......Page 55
Laccase-Mediator Concept In Chemical Pulp Bleaching......Page 56
MnP In Pulp Bleaching......Page 58
Oxidative Enzymes In Fibre Modification......Page 59
Adhesion Of Fibres By Oxidative Enzymes......Page 60
Oxidative Enzymes In The Hydrolysis Of Lignocellulose......Page 63
References......Page 64
4 Biografting of Celestine Blue onto a High Kappa Kraft Pulp......Page 71
Introduction......Page 72
Materials and Methods......Page 74
Results and Discussion......Page 76
References......Page 83
5 Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Process Waters with Oxalate Oxidase: Compounds Interfering with the Activity......Page 86
Introduction......Page 87
Assay of oxalate oxidase activity......Page 88
Results......Page 89
Discussion......Page 90
References......Page 96
Introduction......Page 98
Materials and Methods......Page 102
Analysis......Page 103
Results......Page 104
Discussion......Page 106
References......Page 108
Introduction......Page 110
Cellulose-binding domains......Page 111
Inverse Gas Chromatography......Page 112
Results and Discussion......Page 113
References......Page 119
8 Modulation of Wood Fibers and Paper by Cellulose-Binding Domains......Page 121
Wood Fiber Modification Using CBD......Page 123
Modulating Cellulose Containing Materials with CBD......Page 126
Conclusions......Page 130
References......Page 133
9 Cellulose-Binding Domains: Tools for Innovation in Cellulosic Fiber Production and Modification......Page 137
Introduction......Page 138
Plant cell-wall composition and architecture......Page 139
2.2 Hemicellulose......Page 140
2.4 Lignin......Page 143
Cellulose-binding domains: a common feature in many cell-wall modifying enzymes......Page 144
3.1 Microbial cellulose-binding domains......Page 145
3.2 Plant cellulose-binding domains......Page 146
4.1 Plant cell wall modification......Page 150
4.2 Enzyme technology......Page 152
Concluding remarks.......Page 154
References......Page 155
10 Ethanol from Wheat Straw Cellulose by Wet Oxidation Pretreatment and Simultaneous Saccharifleation and Fermentation......Page 161
Introduction......Page 162
Methods and materials......Page 164
Results and discussion......Page 166
Acknowledgement......Page 174
References......Page 175
11 Siderophores as Natural Mediators in Laccase-Aided Degradation of Lignin......Page 179
Introduction......Page 180
The reactivity of substrates......Page 183
Oxidation of siderophores by laccase......Page 184
Analysis of reaction mechanism of laccase oxidation......Page 185
Oxidation and delignification of fibres......Page 187
Discussion......Page 191
References......Page 192
12 Microbial Strategies for the Depolymerization of Glucuronoxylan: Leads to Biotechnological Applications of Endoxylanases......Page 194
Introduction......Page 195
Relationships of structural properties, catalytic mechanisms and family assignments of endoxylanases......Page 198
General biochemical and catalytic properties of representatives of xylanase families......Page 199
Family relationships of catalytic domains deduced from amino acid sequence......Page 202
Microbial diversity and phylogenetic distribution of endoxylanases......Page 203
Relationship of xylanase mechanism to applications in processing lignocellulosics......Page 207
Acknowledgements......Page 210
References......Page 211
13 Comparison of Catalytic Properties of Acetyl Xylan Esterases from Three Carbohydrate Esterase Families......Page 214
Introduction......Page 215
Activity assays......Page 216
Hydrolysis experiments......Page 217
Classification of the esterases......Page 218
Action on acetylated xylan and glucomannan......Page 219
Deacetylation of methyl glycopyranosides......Page 220
Activity on α-naphthyl esters......Page 224
Discussion......Page 225
References......Page 231
14 Manganese Peroxidase and Its Role in the Degradation of Wood Lignin......Page 233
Discovery and Characteristics of Lignin Degrading Peroxidases......Page 234
Properties and Occurrence of Manganese Peroxidase......Page 235
Role of Manganese Peroxidase in the Degradation of Lignin and Lignin-Related Compounds......Page 238
Role of Manganese Peroxidase in Fungi Causing Preferential Degradation of Lignin in Wood......Page 240
The Possible Role of Manganese Peroxidase in Lignin Degradation: Cell Free Mineralization of Lignin......Page 241
References......Page 242
15 Influence of Growth Substrate and Free Ferulic Acid on the Production of Feruloyl Esterase by Aureobasidium pullulans......Page 247
Strain and culture conditions......Page 248
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 249
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 252
References......Page 253
16 In Situ Solid-State Fermentation and Utilization of Xylanase in Pulp Bleaching......Page 256
Introduction......Page 257
Substrate......Page 258
Enzyme Extraction......Page 259
Experimental Design......Page 260
Screening of Thermophilic Fungal Isolates......Page 262
Optimization of Nitrogen Content in SSF Using Experimental Design......Page 264
Pulp Bleaching with in situ Crude SSF Xylanase of T. lanuginosus......Page 269
Comparison of enzyme bleaching efficiency on equal units base......Page 277
Conclusions......Page 280
References......Page 284
17 Characterization of the Activity Profile in Cellulases Derived from Recombinant Strains of Trichoderma reesei......Page 286
Introduction......Page 287
Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials......Page 289
Determination of the degree of polymerization of cellulose......Page 290
Results and Discussion......Page 291
Hydrolysis of cellulosic materials by the recombinant enzymes......Page 296
References......Page 301
18 Amplification of Cellulase Genes and Cellulase Hyperproducers in Trichoderma: Minireview......Page 305
Colchicine treatment of the mycelial mat......Page 306
Benomyl treatment of mycelial mat on the solid medium......Page 307
Changes in cellulase productivity of colchicine-treated conidia......Page 308
Changes in cellulase productivity of colchicine-treated mycelia......Page 309
References......Page 312
19 A Novel Laccase from the Ascomycete Melanocarpus albomyces......Page 316
Fungal Strains and Enzymes......Page 317
Protein purification......Page 318
Redox potential of the T1 copper......Page 319
Production and purification of the M. albomyces laccase......Page 320
Characterization of the purified laccase......Page 322
Isolation of the laccase gene......Page 326
Crystallization of the laccase......Page 327
References......Page 330
20 Glycoside Hydrolase Gene Cluster of Acidothermus cellulolyticus......Page 333
Cellulase Enzymes......Page 334
Acidothermus cellulolyticus......Page 335
Molecular Cloning of Cel5B, Cel6A-Cel12A, Cel48A, and Cel74A......Page 336
Sequencing Strategy......Page 337
A. cellulolyticus Glycoside Hydrolases......Page 340
Conclusion......Page 358
References......Page 359
21 Diversity of Microbial Endo-β-1,4-Xylanases......Page 362
Cooperation of EXs with Debranching Enzymes......Page 363
Classification......Page 364
Protein Fold......Page 366
Molecular Architecture......Page 367
Catalytic Properties......Page 369
Mechanism of Substrate Degradation......Page 371
Xylan-Degrading Endo-β-1,4-glucanases......Page 372
Industrial Effectiveness of Different EXs......Page 373
Conclusions......Page 375
References......Page 376
22 Fusion Proteins Containing Coprinus cinereus Peroxidase and the Cellulose-Binding Domain of Humicola insolens Family 45 Endoglucanase......Page 382
Introduction......Page 383
Materials and instruments......Page 384
Cellulose binding......Page 385
Chemical modification......Page 386
Heterologous expression......Page 387
Construction and expression of CBD-CiP......Page 389
Molecular and enzymatic properties of the fusion proteins......Page 393
Cellulose-binding......Page 394
Denim bleaching......Page 395
Effect of surface charge on the cellulose-binding by CBD-CiP......Page 398
Conclusions......Page 399
References......Page 400
23 Heterologous Expression of Trichoderma reesei 1,4-β-D-Glucan Cellobiohydrolase (Cel 7A)......Page 403
Acquisition of the T. reesei cel7a Gene.......Page 405
Expression of T. reesei Cel7A in E. coli.......Page 406
Expression of T. reesei Cel7A in Insect Cells.......Page 409
Transformation of Aspergillus awamori with cel7a.......Page 417
Purification of rCel7A.......Page 418
Diafiltration Saccharification Assay (DSA).......Page 422
Expression of T. reesei Cel7A in E. coli.......Page 423
Expression of T. reesei CeI7A in Insect Cells.......Page 425
Expression of T. reesei CeI7A in A. awamori Using its Native Signal Peptide.......Page 426
Discussion......Page 429
Prokaryotic Expression Systems.......Page 430
Eukaryotic Expression Systems.......Page 432
Comparison of Active rCel7A Forms.......Page 433
References......Page 435
24 Recombinant Bleaching Enzymes from Thermophiles Expressed in Fungal Hosts......Page 438
Trichoderma reesei system......Page 440
Fusion proteins with Ds-Red in Trichoderma vectors......Page 444
Results and Discussion......Page 445
Heterologous bacterial thermophile xylanase genes expressed in Trichoderma......Page 447
Multiple protein species secreted into the supernatant by T. reesei expressing XynB......Page 448
Conclusions......Page 450
References......Page 452
Author Index......Page 454
B......Page 456
C......Page 457
D......Page 458
F......Page 459
H......Page 460
L......Page 461
Ν......Page 462
Ρ......Page 463
R......Page 464
Τ......Page 465
X......Page 466
Ζ......Page 467