Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Natural Resources and Built Infrastructure Management

Contents
About the Editors
1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Sustainable Development Goals
		1.2.1 Targets
		1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective
		1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation
	1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation
	1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs
	1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs
		1.5.1 Application of Big Data
		1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence
		1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things
	1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance
	1.7 Gaps or Challenges
		1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges
		1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure
		1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower
		1.7.4 Lack of Awareness
		1.7.5 Others
	1.8 Conclusions
	References
2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Study Area
	2.3 Methodology
		2.3.1 Preprocessing
		2.3.2 Classification Algorithms
		2.3.3 Image Classification
	2.4 Results and Discussion
		2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies
		2.4.2 Comparison of Producer’s and User’s Accuracies
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD)
	3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD
	3.4 Applications of CSD
	3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD
		3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data
		3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data
	3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management
		3.6.1 CSD Location Availability
		3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics
	4.3 Big Earth Data Sources
	4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management
	4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics
	4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies
	4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0
	4.8 Challenges and Way Forward
	References
5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Case Study
	5.3 Methodology
		5.3.1 Data Acquisition
		5.3.2 Drought Calculation
		5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes
		5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI
		5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI
		5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes
		5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring
	5.4 Results and Discussion
		5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index
		5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes
		5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach
		5.4.4 Drought Tracking
	5.5 Conclusions
	5.6 Recommendations
	References
6 Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methodology
		6.2.1 Study Area
		6.2.2 Statistical Analysis
		6.2.3 Rainfall Departure Analysis
		6.2.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
		6.2.5 Satellite Data
		6.2.6 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Rainfall Departure Analysis
		6.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
		6.3.3 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) Analysis
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran
	7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran
	7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran
		7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting
		7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method
	7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices
	7.4 Leaf Area Index
	7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method
		7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification
		7.5.2 Supervised Classification
	7.6 Determining Rice Yield
	7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield
	7.8 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Study Area
	8.3 Methodology
		8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE
		8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model
		8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR)
		8.3.4 Model Validation
	8.4 Results and Discussion
		8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model
		8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems
		9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context
		9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation
	9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS
		9.3.1 Data and Tools
		9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method
	9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed
		9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach
		9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns
		9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation
		9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map
	9.5 Discussion
	9.6 Conclusion
	9.7 Recommendation
	References
10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Case Study
		10.2.2 WEAP Model
		10.2.3 GLEAM Data
		10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI)
		10.2.5 Experimental Setup
	10.3 Results and Discussion
		10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation
		10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications
	10.4 Conclusions
	References
11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India
	11.1 Introduction and Background
		11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry?
	11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry
	11.3 Material and Methods
		11.3.1 Study Area—General Description
		11.3.2 Image Preprocessing
		11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface
		11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters
	11.4 Results and Discussion
		11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a)
		11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax)
		11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB)
		11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD)
		11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd)
		11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao)
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions
		12.2.1 Ramsar Classification
		12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India
		12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India
	12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions
	12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques
		12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA)
		12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM)
		12.4.3 CA-MCE
	12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India
	12.6 Results
	12.7 Discussions
	12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Study Area
	13.3 Data and Methodology
	13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.4.1 Lithology
		13.4.2 Geomorphological Features
		13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC)
		13.4.4 Soil Texture
		13.4.5 Lineament Density
		13.4.6 Slope Angle
		13.4.7 Drainage Density
		13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
		13.4.9 Rainfall
		13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors
		13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs)
		13.4.12 Discussions
	13.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion
		14.1.2 Sheet Erosion
		14.1.3 Rill Erosion
		14.1.4 Gully Erosion
		14.1.5 Bank Erosion
	14.2 Soil Erosion in India
	14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion
	14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures
	14.5 Application of GIS
	14.6 Case Study
		14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization
		14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures
	14.7 Study Area and Data Used
	14.8 Results and Discussion
		14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds
		14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures
	14.9 Conclusions
	References
15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 The Study Area
	15.3 Methodology
		15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards
		15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods
		15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI)
	15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods
		15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment
		15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment
	15.5 Conclusion
	15.6 Future Directions
	References
16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Urban Climate and Green Space Relationship
	16.3 Remote Sensing for Quality of Green Space and Local Temperature
		16.3.1 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
		16.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
	16.4 Web-Based GIS for Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space
	16.5 A Case Study: Panat Nikom Municipality, Chon Buri Province, Thailand
		16.5.1 Overview of Panat Nikom Municipality
		16.5.2 Data and Material
		16.5.3 Methodology
		16.5.4 Results and Conclusion
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
17 Geo-spatial Modeling of Coastal Flood Exposures Due to Local Sea-Level Rise and Landscape Dynamics: A Case of Sagar Island
	17.1 Introduction
		17.1.1 Natural Hazards
		17.1.2 Coastal Inundation
		17.1.3 Land Use Dynamics
		17.1.4 Global and India Scenario
		17.1.5 Objectives
	17.2 Data and Method
		17.2.1 Data–Global and Regional Datasets
		17.2.2 Study Region and Its History with Disasters
		17.2.3 Land Use Analysis and Modeling Using Agent-Based Models
		17.2.4 Coastal Hazard Exposure Assessment Framework
		17.2.5 Relative Exposure Levels of Assets and Households to Coastal Floods
	17.3 Results and Discussions
		17.3.1 Land Use Analysis
		17.3.2 Land Use Visualization
		17.3.3 Coastal Exposure Analysis
		17.3.4 Variable Exposure Levels Based on Land Use Change Pattern
	17.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
18 Three-Dimensional (3D) Noise Pollution Visualization via 3D City Modelling
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 City Modelling
	18.3 Framework of 3D Noise Pollution Modelling
	18.4 The 3D Noise Pollution Visualization
	18.5 Discussion
	18.6 Conclusion
	18.7 Recommendations
	References
19 Decadal Satellite Data Analysis for Flood Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Eastern Uttar Pradesh
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Significance of the Work
		19.1.2 Purpose
		19.1.3 Study Area
		19.1.4 Research Objectives
		19.1.5 Data and Software Used
	19.2 Methodology
		19.2.1 Data Acquisition
		19.2.2 Data Analysis
	19.3 Results and Discussions
		19.3.1 Flood Inundation Studies
		19.3.2 Flood Stagnation Studies
	19.4 Key Findings
	19.5 Summary
	19.6 Limitations
	References