Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 21
Part 1: General......Page 23
1.1 Introduction......Page 25
1.2.1 What Is Ethics?......Page 26
1.2.3 Basic Principles in Ethical Decision Making......Page 27
1.2.3.2 Fairness......Page 28
1.2.3.4 Proper Human Excellences......Page 29
1.2.4 Significance of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector......Page 30
1.2.5 Benefits of Nanotechnology......Page 31
1.2.6 Ethical Issues and Concerns Related to Application of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector......Page 33
1.2.6.1 Issues of Safety, Toxicity and Environmental Impact......Page 34
1.2.6.3 Intellectual Property Rights Issues......Page 35
1.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues and Concerns Related to the Application of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector......Page 36
1.3.1 The EC’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research and Other Initiatives......Page 37
1.3.2 The Precautionary Principle......Page 38
1.4 Nanotechnology, Water and Human Health Research......Page 39
1.5 Conclusion......Page 40
References......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 43
2.2 Case Study on Polyurethane/Organically-Modified Montmorillonite (PU/OMMT) Nanofoam Nanoparticles in Water Suspension......Page 45
2.3.2 Drop-Weight Impact Test and Fracture Particle Extraction......Page 47
2.3.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)......Page 48
2.4.1 Synthesized Nanocomposites......Page 49
2.4.2.1 Morphology Studies......Page 50
2.4.2.2 Size Effect......Page 53
2.5 Conclusion......Page 54
References......Page 55
Part 2: Remediation......Page 59
3 Prospects for Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on Carbon Nanotubes for Biosorption: Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water......Page 61
3.1 Dispersion of Metal Pollutants in Water Sources......Page 62
3.2 Removal of Metal by Conventional Methods......Page 63
3.3.1 Biouptake of Metal......Page 64
3.3.2.2 Physicochemical Effect......Page 65
3.3.2.5 Metals Competition......Page 66
3.3.3 Isothermic and Kinetic Equilibrium of Biosorption......Page 67
3.3.4 Drawbacks Due to Inhibition......Page 68
3.3.5 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms of Microbial Sorbents......Page 70
3.3.6 Pretreatment of Microbial Sorbent......Page 71
3.4.1.2 Characteristics of CNTs......Page 72
3.4.2 Adsorption of Microorganisms on CNTs for Bioremediation......Page 74
References......Page 76
4.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.2 Water Purification Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP)......Page 86
4.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plasma and Its Application towards Water Purification......Page 87
4.4 Application of Plasma for Water Purification......Page 89
4.5 Combined Action of Nanoparticles and Plasma for Water Purification......Page 95
4.6 Conclusion......Page 96
References......Page 97
5 Polysaccharide-Based Nanosorbents in Water Remediation......Page 101
5.1 Introduction......Page 102
5.2 Water Pollution......Page 103
5.2.2 Natural Organic Matter......Page 104
5.2.4 Anionic Pollutants......Page 105
5.2.5 Metallic Contamination (Heavy Metal Toxicity)......Page 106
5.3.2 Cadmium......Page 107
5.3.4 Mercury......Page 108
5.4.1 Oxidation and Reduction......Page 109
5.4.4 Membrane Processes......Page 110
5.5 Shortcomings of the Technologies Used for Water Remediation......Page 111
5.6.1 Approaches for the Preparation of Nanomaterials......Page 112
5.6.2 Composition of Nanomaterials......Page 114
5.6.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 115
5.6.3.3 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles......Page 116
5.7.1 Classification of Polysaccharides......Page 117
5.7.2.1 Covalent Crosslinking......Page 118
5.7.2.4 Self-Assembly of Hydrophobically-Modified Polysaccharides......Page 119
5.7.3.1 Alginate......Page 120
5.7.3.3 Guar Gum......Page 121
5.7.3.5 Starch......Page 122
5.7.3.7 Cellulose......Page 123
5.7.3.10 Dextrans......Page 124
5.7.3.12 Gellan gum......Page 125
5.8 Advantages of Using Polysaccharides for Removal of Toxic Metal Ions......Page 126
5.9 Brief Review of the Work Done......Page 128
References......Page 129
Part 3: Membranes & Carbon Nanotubes......Page 137
6 The Use of Carbonaceous Nanomembrane Filter for Organic Waste Removal......Page 139
6.1 Introduction......Page 140
6.2 Organic Wastes and Organic Pollutant......Page 142
6.3 Low-Cost Adsorbents......Page 145
6.4 Heavy Metals......Page 146
6.4.2 Nickel......Page 147
6.4.5 Cadmium......Page 148
6.5.1 Inorganic Composite Materials......Page 149
6.6 Carbonaceous Materials......Page 150
6.6.2 Glassy Carbon......Page 151
6.6.5 Carbon Nanofibers......Page 152
6.6.6.2 Interaction and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Biological Molecules......Page 153
6.7.1 Material Synthesis of Different Types of Wastes......Page 154
6.7.1.1 Waste Materials for Environment or Pollutants......Page 157
6.8.2 Importance of Inexpensive Nanomaterial in Wastewater Treatment......Page 158
6.8.3 Wastes for Wastewater Treatment......Page 159
6.8.4.3 Ultrafiltration......Page 160
References......Page 161
7.1 Introduction......Page 175
7.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 177
7.3.2 Fluorination......Page 178
7.3.5 Amidation/Esterification Reactions......Page 179
7.3.6 Grafting of Polymers......Page 180
7.3.7 Other Reactions......Page 181
7.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions on Carbon Nanotubes......Page 182
7.4.1 Adsorption of Cd(II)......Page 183
7.4.2 Adsorption of Cr(VI)......Page 184
7.4.4 Adsorption of Ni(II)......Page 185
7.4.5 Adsorption of Pb(II)......Page 186
7.5 Competitive Adsorption......Page 187
References......Page 190
8.1 Introduction......Page 205
8.2 Classification of Dyes......Page 206
8.2.1 Effects of Dyes in the Aquatic Medium......Page 209
8.3 Conventional Treatment Technologies for Textile Effluent......Page 212
8.3.2 Physical/Physiochemical Methods......Page 213
8.3.2.1 Adsorption Processes......Page 215
8.3.3 Chemical Methods......Page 220
8.3.3.1 Principles of Semiconductor Photocatalysis......Page 222
8.3.3.2 Carbon Nanotube-Based Photocatalysts......Page 225
8.4 Conclusion......Page 242
Acknowledgements......Page 243
References......Page 244
9 Advances in Nanotechnologies for Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Water Purification......Page 251
9.1 Introduction......Page 252
9.2 Nanotechnology-Enabled POU/POE Systems for Drinking Water Treatment......Page 255
9.3.1 Background......Page 257
9.3.2 Synthesis and Properties of Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers......Page 258
9.3.3 Application of CD-Based Nanocomposite Polymers in the Removal of Heavy Metals and Microbials from Water......Page 263
9.4.1 Background......Page 266
9.4.2 Procedures for Membrane Fabrication......Page 267
9.4.4 Composite Membranes and Nanomembranes......Page 268
9.4.5 Nanomaterials in Membrane Fabrication......Page 269
9.4.7 Nanotechnology-Based Membranes for POU/POE Use......Page 273
9.4.8 Removal of Heavy Metals, Organometallics, Metalloids Using Nanomembranes......Page 275
9.5.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Formation......Page 276
9.5.3 Application of Nanofibers in Drinking Water Purification......Page 279
9.6.1 Challenges......Page 281
9.6.2 Opportunities......Page 283
References......Page 284
Part 4: Nanomaterials......Page 291
10.1 Introduction......Page 293
10.2 Generalized Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials......Page 294
10.2.1 Mechanism of Formation of SBA-15......Page 297
10.3.2 Fundamental Principles that Govern the Design and Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica......Page 298
10.3.4 Organic Group Functionalization of Mesoporous Silicates......Page 299
10.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals......Page 302
10.5 Conclusions......Page 304
References......Page 305
11 Removal of Fluoride from Potable Water Using Smart Nanomaterial as Adsorbent......Page 307
11.1.1 International Status......Page 308
11.1.4 Sources of Fluoride in the Environment [20–22]......Page 309
11.1.5.5 Cosmetics viz Toothpastes and Mouth Rinses......Page 310
11.2.1 Nalgonda Process [45]......Page 311
11.2.4 Adsorption Process......Page 312
11.2.4.1 Nanomaterials......Page 313
References......Page 325
12.1 Introduction......Page 331
12.1.1 Chemical Sensors......Page 332
12.1.2 Typical Parameters of Chemical Nanosensors......Page 335
12.1.3 Chemical Sensors Based on Nanomaterial......Page 336
12.1.4 Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensor......Page 337
12.1.4.1 Sensing Mechanism......Page 338
12.1.5 Metal Nanoparticle-Based Gas Sensors......Page 341
12.1.5.1 Metal Oxide Gas Sensors......Page 342
12.1.5.2 Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors......Page 344
12.1.6 Conducting Polymer-Based Gas Sensor......Page 346
12.2 Conclusion......Page 347
12.3 Challenges and Future Prospect......Page 348
References......Page 349
13.1 Introduction......Page 355
13.2.1 Kinetic Evaluation......Page 359
13.2.3 4-NP Reduction Mechanism......Page 361
13.2.4 Efficiency of the Reaction......Page 381
13.3.1 Concentration of the Catalyst......Page 382
13.3.3 Temperature and Activation Energy......Page 383
13.4.1 Introduction......Page 386
13.4.2.1 Template Free Method [4, 7, 119, 120, 127]......Page 387
13.4.2.2 Biomolecule Stabilized NPs [129]......Page 390
13.4.2.4 Polymer-Stabilized NPs [94,111,112]......Page 391
13.4.2.5 Dendrimer-Stabilized NPs [68, 74]......Page 394
13.4.2.6 NPs Stabilized by Surfactants, Micelles and Microemulsions [75]......Page 395
13.4.2.7 Galvanic Replacement [3, 8–10, 126]......Page 396
13.4.3.1 Resin-Supported NPs [70, 71, 87]......Page 399
13.4.3.2 Inorganic Oxide-Supported Magnetic Nanoparticles [90, 93, 100]......Page 401
13.4.3.3 Silica Supported [89, 100]......Page 402
13.4.3.4 Titania Supported [11]......Page 404
13.4.3.5 Alumina Supported [88, 108]......Page 405
13.4.3.6 Polymer Microsphere Supported [78, 91, 97–99]......Page 406
13.4.3.7 Polystyrene-Supported......Page 408
13.4.3.8 Carbon Sphere Supported [101, 102]......Page 414
13.4.3.10 Biomolecule Bead Supported [58]......Page 415
References......Page 417
Part 5: Water Treatment......Page 429
14 Doped Diamond Electrodes for Water Treatment......Page 431
14.1 Introduction......Page 432
14.2 Calculation Method......Page 436
14.3.1 Total Energies and Electronic Structures of Phosphorus-Doped Diamond......Page 438
14.3.2 Influences of Vacancies in Phosphorus-Doped Diamond Thin Films......Page 441
14.3.3 Electron Density of States of Lithium-Phosphorus Co-doped Diamond......Page 443
14.3.4 Orbital Charge Distribution of Li-P Atoms and Analysis of Bond Length......Page 447
14.4 Conclusions......Page 450
References......Page 452
15 Multifunctional Silver, Copper and Zero Valent Iron Metallic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment......Page 457
15.1 Introduction......Page 458
15.2.2 Copper Nanoparticles......Page 459
15.3 Metal Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal and Dye Removal......Page 463
15.4 Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticles – Ag, Cu and ZVI......Page 465
15.5 Mechanism of Action......Page 467
References......Page 470
16 Iron Oxide Materials for Photo-Fenton Conversion of Water Pollutants......Page 481
16.1 Introduction......Page 482
16.2.1 Iron Oxide Supports......Page 483
16.2.5 Photo-Fenton Experiments......Page 484
16.3.1.1 BET Surface Area......Page 485
16.3.1.2 XRD......Page 486
16.3.1.3 TPR......Page 487
16.3.2 Photo-Fenton Catalytic Experiments......Page 489
16.4 Conclusions......Page 493
References......Page 494
17 Nanomaterials with Uniform Composition in Wastewater Treatment and Their Applications......Page 497
17.1 Introduction......Page 498
17.1.1 Biosorbents......Page 502
17.1.2 Metals and Metal Oxide......Page 504
17.1.3.1 Composite Materials......Page 508
17.1.3.2 Carbon Materials......Page 509
17.2.1 Material Synthesis......Page 510
17.3.2 Chemical Composition of Nanomaterials......Page 512
17.3.3 Characterization of the Nanomaterials......Page 513
17.3.3.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy......Page 514
17.3.3.3 (TEM)......Page 515
17.3.3.4 Photoluminescence (PL) Measurements......Page 516
17.3.3.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)......Page 517
17.3.4 Effective and Advanced Technology Used for Water Purification [8]......Page 518
17.3.5 Wastewater Treatment by Membranes......Page 520
17.4 Summary and Future Directions......Page 521
References......Page 522
Index......Page 535
EULA......Page 549