Antiquity: Greeks and Romans in Context

List of Figures ix     List of Maps xi     Preface xiii     Part I Introduction 1     1.1 Sources and Chronology 3    Sources 3    Chronology 7     1.2 The Ecology of History 11    Physical Geography 11    Agriculture and the Pre-Industrial Economy 13    Demography 20     Part II Before 900 BC 25     2.1 Prehistory 27    Paleolithic 27    Neolithic 32     2.2 Early Civilizations in Eurasia 36    The Rise of Distinct Civilizations 36    Peoples and Languages 41    Western Asia and Egypt in the Bronze Age 45    The Aegean and Southern Europe in the Bronze Age 52     Part III 900   500 BC 59     3.1 A Historical Outline 61    Eurasian Communities 61    The Greek World 71    Italy and Western Europe 86     3.2 The Social Fabric 93    Economic Life 93    Social Hierarchy 97    Political Organization 102     3.3 Daily Life and Mentality 109    The Individual and Society 109    Men and Women 113    Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 117     Part IV 500   300 BC 129     4.1 A Historical Outline 131    Eurasian Communities 131    The Greek World 139    Italy and the West 149     4.2 The Social Fabric 152    Economic Life 152    Social Hierarchy 159    Political Organization 163     4.3 Daily Life and Mentality 169    The Individual and Society 169    Men and Women 175    Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 178     Part V 300 BC   1 AD 189     5.1 A Historical Outline 191    Eurasian Communities 191    The Greek World 200    Italy and the West 221     5.2 The Social Fabric 241    Economic Life 241    The Social Hierarchy 252    Political Organization 262     5.3 Daily Life and Mentality 269    The Individual and Society 269    Men and Women 277    Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 279     Part VI 1 AD   500 AD 291     6.1 A Historical Outline 293    Eurasian Communities 293    The Roman Empire 298    The Greek East and the Latin West 308     6.2 The Social Fabric 314    Economic Life 314    Social Hierarchy 321    Political Organization 327     6.3 Daily Life and Mentality 333    The Individual and Society 333    Men and Women 341    Religion, Philosophy, and Scholarship 343     Part VII After 500 AD 367     7 The 6th Century and Later 369    Eurasian Communities 369    The Byzantine East 378    The Christian Church 382    Islam 387    The Ancient Heritage 390     Appendices 395    Classical Athens 396    The Classical Roman Republic 397    Imperial Rome: The Principate 398    Imperial Rome: The Dominate 399    Hellenistic Rulers 400    Roman Emperors 402    Philosophers 403    Scholars and Scientists 405    Poets and Prose Writers 407    Christian Authors 409     CHRONOLOGY 411     Suggestions for Further Reading 419     Index 433