Antioxidants in Biology and Medicine: Essentials, Advances, and Clinical Applications

ANTIOXIDANTS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: ESSENTIALS, ADVANCES, AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATIVE STRESS  AND ANTIOXIDANTS
......Page 10
1. Historical Overview......Page 12
2.2.1. Endogenous Sources......Page 13
2.2.1.2. MITOCHONDRIA......Page 14
2.2.2.2. XENOBIOTICS......Page 15
2.3.1. Superoxide (O2.-)......Page 16
2.3.2. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)......Page 17
2.3.3. Hydroxyl Radical (.OH)......Page 18
2.3.4. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)......Page 19
2.3.6. Peroxyl Radical (LOO.) and Alkoxyl Radical (LO.)......Page 20
2.3.7. Singlet Oxygen (1O2)......Page 21
2.3.9. Ozone (O3)......Page 22
3.1.1. Oxidative Stress......Page 23
3.2.1. Different Roles of Oxidative Stress in Diseases......Page 24
3.2.2. Diseases Involving an Oxidative Stress Mechanism......Page 25
5. References......Page 26
1. Definition and Mode of Antioxidant Action......Page 30
2. Classification of Antioxidants......Page 31
3.1.1. Historical Overview......Page 32
3.1.2. Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Signaling......Page 33
3.2. Nrf2-dependent Induction of Antioxidants and Protection against Oxidative Stress......Page 34
4.2. Animal Studies on Antioxidant-based Disease Intervention......Page 35
5.2. Genetic Manipulations of Antioxidants......Page 37
7. References......Page 38
SECTION II: ANTIOXIDANTS SYNTHESIZED BY CELLS 
......Page 40
1.1. Definition and History......Page 42
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 43
3.1.1. Experimental Approaches......Page 44
3.1.3. Role in Diabetes......Page 45
3.1.5. Role in Pulmonary Diseases......Page 46
3.1.7. Role in Renal Diseases......Page 47
3.1.10. Role in Other Diseases and Conditions......Page 48
3.2.2. Genetic Variation Studies......Page 49
3.2.3. Interventional Clinical Trials......Page 50
5. References......Page 51
1.1. Definition and History......Page 56
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 57
3.1.3. Role in Diabetes......Page 58
3.1.6. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 59
3.1.9. Role in Cancer......Page 60
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 61
5. References......Page 62
1.1. Definition and History......Page 68
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 69
3.1.4. Protein Deglutathionylation......Page 71
3.2.1. Experimental Approaches......Page 72
3.2.4. Role in Neurological Diseases......Page 73
3.2.6. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 74
3.2.9. Role in Cancer......Page 75
3.3.2. Gene Polymorphisms......Page 76
5. References......Page 77
1.1. Definition and History......Page 82
1.2. Basic Characteristics......Page 83
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 84
3.1.4. Role in Neurological Diseases......Page 85
3.1.6. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 86
3.1.10. Role in Other Diseases and Conditions......Page 87
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 88
5. References......Page 89
2. Biochemistry and Molecular Regulation......Page 94
3.1.1. Experimental Approaches......Page 95
3.2. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 96
5. References......Page 97
1.1. Definition and History......Page 100
1.2. Basic Characteristics......Page 101
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 102
3.1.3. Regulation of Cell Signaling......Page 103
3.2.3. Role in Neurological Diseases......Page 104
3.2.5. Role in Hepatic Diseases......Page 105
3.2.7. Role in Other Diseases and Conditions......Page 106
3.3.2. GST Gene Polymorphisms......Page 107
5. References......Page 108
1.1. Definition and History......Page 112
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 113
3.1. General Biological Activities......Page 114
3.2.2. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 115
3.3. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 116
5. References......Page 117
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 120
3.1.2. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 122
3.1.4. Role in Neurological Diseases......Page 123
3.1.8. Role in Skin Diseases......Page 124
3.1.10. Role in Other Diseases and Conditions......Page 125
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 126
5. References......Page 127
1.1. Definition and History......Page 132
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 133
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 134
3.2.2. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 135
3.2.5. Role in Pulmonary Diseases......Page 136
3.2.8. Role in Cancer......Page 137
3.3. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 138
5. References......Page 139
1. Overview......Page 144
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 145
3.1.2. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 146
3.2. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 147
5. References......Page 148
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 152
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 153
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 154
5. References......Page 155
1. Overview......Page 158
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 159
3.1.1. Experimental Approaches......Page 160
3.1.3. Role in Aging and Neurological Diseases......Page 161
3.2. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 162
3.2.3. Role in Human Cancer and Obesity......Page 163
5. References......Page 164
1. Overview......Page 168
2.1. Biochemistry......Page 169
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 170
3.1.3. Role in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome......Page 171
3.1.4.2. TRAUMATIC BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD INJURY......Page 172
3.1.5.2. LUNG ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY......Page 173
3.1.6.1. LIVER INJURY FROM ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME......Page 174
3.1.7.2. DRUG-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY AND DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY......Page 175
3.1.8. Role in Skin Diseases......Page 176
3.1.9.4. CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS......Page 177
3.2.3. HO-1 Gene Polymorphisms in Non-cancer Diseases......Page 178
5. References......Page 179
1. Overview......Page 188
2.1.1. Two-Electron Reduction of Quinones and Derivatives......Page 189
2.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 190
3.1.2. An Overview of the Biological Functions of NQO Enzymes in Animal Models......Page 191
3.1.4. Role in Carcinogenesis......Page 192
3.1.6. Role in Pulmonary Diseases......Page 193
3.1.8. Role in Other Diseases and Conditions......Page 194
3.2.1. Study Approaches and Gene Polymorphisms......Page 195
3.2.2. Role in Human Cancer......Page 196
3.2.4. Role in Human Neurological Diseases......Page 197
3.2.5. Role in Other Human Diseases......Page 198
5. References......Page 199
1. Overview......Page 206
2.1.1. Biochemistry of PON1......Page 207
2.1.2. Biochemistry of PON2 and PON3......Page 208
3.1.1. Experimental Approaches......Page 209
3.1.3. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 210
3.1.5. Role in Liver Diseases......Page 211
3.1.6.2. TRYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE INFECTION......Page 212
3.2.1. Study Approaches and General Considerations......Page 213
3.2.2. PON Gene Polymorphisms......Page 214
3.2.3. Role in Human Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 215
3.2.5. Role in Human Neurological Diseases......Page 216
3.2.7. Role in Human Cancer......Page 217
5. References......Page 218
1. Introduction......Page 226
2.1.2. Molecular Regulation......Page 227
2.2.2.1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES......Page 228
2.2.2.2. ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND RELATED CONDITIONS......Page 229
2.2.2.3. ROLE IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES......Page 230
2.2.2.5. ROLE IN CANCER......Page 231
2.2.3.2. SERUM FERRITIN IN DISEASE CONDITIONS......Page 232
3.1.1. General Aspects and Biochemistry......Page 233
3.2.2.1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES......Page 234
3.2.2.2. ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES......Page 235
3.2.2.6. ROLE IN HEPATIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES......Page 236
3.2.2.8. ROLE IN SKIN DISEASES......Page 237
3.2.3. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 238
5. References......Page 239
2.1.1. Bilirubin and Heme Oxygenases......Page 248
2.1.3. Biochemical Properties and Functions......Page 249
2.2.1.1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES......Page 250
2.2.1.7. ROLE IN RENAL DISEASES......Page 251
2.2.2.2. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES......Page 252
3.1.2. Discovery and Biosynthesis......Page 253
3.1.5. Biochemical Properties and Functions......Page 254
3.2.2.1. HUMAN COQ10 DEFICIENCIES......Page 255
4.1. General Aspects and Biochemistry......Page 256
4.2.2. Role in Neurological Diseases and Other Disease Conditions......Page 257
5.2. Role in Health and Disease......Page 258
6.1. General Aspects and Biochemistry......Page 259
7.1. General Aspects and Biochemistry......Page 260
8.1. General Aspects and Biochemistry......Page 261
8.2.1. Animal Studies......Page 262
9. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 263
10. References......Page 264
SECTION III: ANTIOXIDANTS DERIVED FROM THE DIET
......Page 272
1.1. Definition and Dietary Sources......Page 274
2.2.1. Redox Chemistry......Page 275
2.2.3. Potential Pro-oxidant Activities......Page 276
3.1.2. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 277
3.1.6. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 278
3.1.9. Role in Sepsis......Page 279
3.2.2. Role in Human Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 280
3.2.3.2. RECENT CLINICAL STUDIES ON HIGH-DOSE VITAMIN C THERAPY......Page 281
3.2.4.3. METABOLIC SYNDROME, ANEMIA, ASTHMA, AND SKIN DISORDERS......Page 282
5. References......Page 283
1.1. Definition and Dietary Sources......Page 290
1.4. Deficiency......Page 291
2.3. Other Novel Effects......Page 292
3.1.2. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 293
3.1.5. Role in Pulmonary Diseases......Page 294
3.1.9. Role in Cancer......Page 295
3.2.2. Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency......Page 296
3.2.4. Role in Human Cancer......Page 297
3.2.5.2. ADDITIONAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS......Page 298
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 299
5. References......Page 300
1.1. Definition and Dietary Sources......Page 306
1.2. Classification......Page 307
2.2. Antioxidant Activities......Page 308
3.1.1. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 309
3.1.5. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 310
3.1.7. Role in Eye Diseases......Page 311
3.1.9. Role in Cancer......Page 312
3.2.2. Role in Human Cancer......Page 313
3.2.3.3. ADDITIONAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS......Page 314
5. References......Page 315
1.1. Definition and Dietary Sources......Page 324
1.3. Pharmacokinetic Properties......Page 325
2. Biochemical Properties and Functions......Page 326
2.1.4. Potential Pro-oxidant Activities......Page 327
2.4. Other Novel Functions......Page 328
3.1. Animal Studies......Page 329
3.1.1. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 330
3.1.2.1. DIABETES......Page 331
3.1.3. Role in Neurological Diseases......Page 332
3.1.5.1. HEPATIC DISEASES......Page 333
3.1.7. Role in Skin Diseases......Page 334
3.1.8. Role in Cancer......Page 335
3.2.1. Role in Human Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 336
3.2.3. Role in Other Human Diseases and Conditions......Page 337
5. References......Page 338
SECTION IV: SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS
......Page 346
1. Overview......Page 348
2.1.3. Mn(II) Pentaazamacrocyclic Ligand-based Complexes......Page 349
2.3. GPx Mimetics......Page 350
3.1. Animal Studies......Page 351
3.1.2. Role in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome......Page 352
3.1.5. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 353
3.1.7. Role in Cancer......Page 354
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 355
5. References......Page 356
1. Overview......Page 362
2.3. Other Glutathione Precursors......Page 363
3.1.3. Role in Neurological Diseases......Page 364
3.1.5. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 365
3.1.6. Role in Renal Diseases......Page 366
3.2.1. N-Acetylcysteine as the Specific Antidote for Acetaminophen Overdose in Humans......Page 367
3.2.4. Role in Contrast Medium-induced Nephropathy......Page 368
5. References......Page 369
1. Overview......Page 376
2.1. Nitrone Spin Traps......Page 377
3.1.2. Role in Diabetes......Page 378
3.1.5. Role in Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 379
3.2. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 380
4. Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 381
5. References......Page 382
1. Overview......Page 386
2.1. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 387
2.3. Fullerenes......Page 388
3.1.1. Role in Cardiovascular Diseases......Page 389
3.1.3. Role in Pulmonary Diseases......Page 390
3.1.6. Role in Aging......Page 391
3.2. Human Studies and Clinical Perspectives......Page 392
5. References......Page 393
Index......Page 398