Antimicrobials in Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Research

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor Biographies
Contributors
1 Antimicrobial Cryogels for Biomedical Use
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Antimicrobial Cryogels and Their Applications in Biomedical Fields
		1.2.1 Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Cryogels
		1.2.2 Antimicrobial Material Loaded Cryogels
			1.2.2.1 Metal Ion and Metallic Nanoparticle Loaded Cryogels
			1.2.2.2 Drug, AMPs and Antimicrobial Agent Loaded Cryogels
	1.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
2 Natural Antimicrobial Therapeutic Peptides: Milk Lactoferricin and Spirulina Platensis Peptides
	Table of Abbreviations
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Lactoferricin and Its Parent Protein
	2.3 Structural Characteristics of Lactoferricin Peptide
	2.4 Expression Systems for Recombinant Lactoferricin Peptides
	2.5 In Vitro Bioactivities Associated With Lactoferricin Peptide
		2.5.1 Antibacterial Activity
		2.5.2 Antifungal Activity
		2.5.3 Antiparasitic Activity
		2.5.4 Antiviral Activity
		2.5.5 Anticancer Activity
	2.6 Synergy of Lactoferricin With Antimicrobial Drugs
	2.7 Lactoferricin: From Milk to Human and Veterinary Medicine
		2.7.1 Preclinical Trials for Human Diseases Treatment
		2.7.2 Lactoferricin for Veterinary Applications
	2.8 Lactoferricin as Food and Beverage Preservative
	2.9 Recent Research On Lactoferricin
	2.10 Spirulina Platensis as Source of Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Ingredients
	2.11 Antibacterial Peptides From Spirulina Platensis
	2.12 Other Bioactivities of Peptides From Spirulina Platensis
		2.12.1 Iron-Chelating Activity
		2.12.2 Anticancer Activity
		2.12.3 Antioxidant Activity
		2.12.4 Antihypertensive Activity
	2.13 Future Prospects
	2.14 Conclusion
	2.15 Acknowledgments
	References
3 Plant-Based Antimicrobials for Sepsis Management: What Progress Have We Made?
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Traditional Medicinal Plants in Sepsis Treatment
		3.2.1 Angelica Sinensis
		3.2.2 Salvia Miltiorrhiza
		3.2.3 Camellia Sinensis
		3.2.4 Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer
		3.2.5 Perilla Frutescens (L.) Britt. Var. Acuta
		3.2.6 Prunella Vulgaris Var. Lilacina
		3.2.7 Aspalathus Linearis (Rooibos)
		3.2.8 Cyclopia Subternata
		3.2.9 Rhodiola Rosea L.
		3.2.10 Abronia Nana S. Watson
		3.2.11 Ecklonia Cava
		3.2.12 Inula Helenium L.
		3.2.13 Alpinia Katsumadai Hayata
		3.2.14 Syzygium Jambolanum
		3.2.15 Eugenia Uniflora
		3.2.16 Carum Carvi L.
		3.2.17 Nigella Sativa
		3.2.18 Melilotus Suaveolens Ledeb
		3.2.19 Astragalus Membranaceus
		3.2.20 Lonicera Japonica
		3.2.21 Aloe Vera
		3.2.22 Chenopodium Ambrosioides L.
		3.2.23 Toona Sinensis
		3.2.24 Attalea Speciosa (Synonym Orbignya Phalerata Mart. Babassu)
		3.2.25 Xuebijing (XBJ)
		3.2.26 Bai- Hu-Tang (BHT Or White Tiger Decoction)
		3.2.27 Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT)
	3.3 Conclusion
	References
4 Antimicrobials: Advances in Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Research
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Chronology of Antimicrobials/Antibiotics
	4.3 Classification and Physicochemical Properties of Antimicrobial Agents
		4.3.1 .-Lactams
		4.3.2 Sulfonamides
		4.3.3 Aminoglycosides
		4.3.4 Tetracyclines
		4.3.5 Macrolides
		4.3.6 Quinolones
		4.3.7 Polyether Ionophores
	4.4 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
		4.4.1 Evolution and Mechanisms of AMR
		4.4.2 Enzymatic Modification of Antibiotics
			4.4.2.1 Drug Chemical Alteration
			4.4.2.2 Structural Modification
		4.4.3 Limiting Drug Influx
			4.4.3.1 Target Modification
		4.4.4 Activation of Efflux Pump
			4.4.4.1 Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) Family
			4.4.4.2 Multidrug Facilitator Superfamily (MFS)
			4.4.4.3 Small Multidrug Resistance (SMR) Family
			4.4.4.4 Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) Family
			4.4.4.5 ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC)Transporter Family
	4.5 System for Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation
	4.6 Antimicrobial Stewardship
	4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
5 Phyto-Nanoconjugates in Combating Multidrug Resistance in Medical Research
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Factors Accelerating the Rate of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
	5.3 Natural Products for Antimicrobial Resistance
	5.4 Paradigm Shift in Chemotherapy
	5.5 Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds
	5.6 Hybrid Combinations
	5.7 Interactions of Phenolic and Terpenoids Compounds With Synthetic and Antibiotic Drugs
	5.8 Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Resistance
		5.8.1 Selenium Nanoparticles
		5.8.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
		5.8.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
		5.8.4 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
		5.8.5 Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuNPs, Cu2ONPs and CuONPs)
		5.8.6 Bimetallic NPs
	5.9 Phyto-Nano Conjugates and Antimicrobial Resistance
	5.10 Limitations and Forthcoming Contests of Nanoparticles (NPs)
	5.11 Conclusion
	References
6 Essential Oil Components: Anti-Viral Properties
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Antiviral Properties of Essential Oils
		6.2.1 SARS-CoV-2
		6.2.2 HSV1
		6.2.3 Influenza
		6.2.4 HIV
		6.2.5 Dengue
		6.2.6 Chikungunya
		6.2.7 HPV
		6.2.8 Zika Virus
		6.2.9 Hepatitis Virus
		6.2.10 Japanese Encephalitis Virus
	6.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
7 Antimicrobials for Sepsis Management: Where Do We Stand?
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 What Determines the Success of an Antimicrobial Therapy in Sepsis Management?
	7.3 Is Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy a Feasible Option for Sepsis Management?
	7.4 How Important Is a Combination Antimicrobial Therapy for Sepsis Management?
	7.5 What Are the Standard Practices and Guidelines for Sepsis Sample Handling and Diagnosis?
	7.6 For How Long to Administer the Antimicrobial Therapy to Patients With Sepsis?
	7.7 What Are the Potential Biomarkers for Sepsis Management Using an Antibiotic Therapy?
	7.8 How to Optimize the Antibiotic Dosage Administration?
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
8 Bacteriocins as Biotechnological Tools in Food and Pharmaceuticals: Applications and Future Prospects
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Classification of Bacteriocins
		8.2.1 Bacteriocins Acquired From Gram-Positive Bacteria (BGPB)
		8.2.2 Bacteriocins Acquired From Gram-Negative Bacteria (BGNB)
	8.3 Antibiotic Vs Bacteriocin
	8.4 Mode of Action of Bacteriocins
		8.4.1 Gram-Positive Bacteria
		8.4.2 Gram-Negative Bacteria
		8.4.3 Induction of Cell Death
	8.5 Biosynthesis of Bacteriocins
		8.5.1 Biosynthesis of Circular Bacteriocins
		8.5.2 Biosynthesis of Leaderless Bacteriocins
	8.6 Role of Bacteriocins in Food Preservation as Food Preservative and Probiotic
		8.6.1 Food Preservative
			8.6.1.1 Nisin
			8.6.1.2 Pediocin
			8.6.1.3 Enterocin
			8.6.1.4 Leucocin
			8.6.1.5 Lacticins
		8.6.2 Probiotics
	8.7 Role of Bacteriocins in Food Processing
		8.7.1 Nisin
		8.7.2 Pediocins
		8.7.3 Lacticins
		8.7.4 Enterocins
		8.7.5 Other Bacteriocins
	8.8 Role of Bacteriocins in the Pharmaceutical Industry
		8.8.1 Treatment of Pathogen-Associated Diseases
		8.8.2 Cancer Therapy
	8.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
9 Plant-Based Metabolites as Source of Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Prospects and Challenges
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Classification of Plant Secondary Metabolites
		9.2.1 Phenolic Compounds
		9.2.2 Non-Flavonoids
			9.2.2.1 Simple Phenols
			9.2.2.2 Phenolic Acid and Derivatives
			9.2.2.3 Phenones, Phenylacetic Acid and Derivatives
			9.2.2.4 Tannins
			9.2.2.5 Stilbenes
			9.2.2.6 Flavonoids
		9.2.3 Terpenes
			9.2.3.1 Hemiterpenes
			9.2.3.2 Monoterpenes
			9.2.3.3 Sesquiterpenes
			9.2.3.4 Diterpenes
			9.2.3.5 Triterpenes
		9.2.4 Alkaloids
		9.2.5 Isoquinoline Alkaloids
			9.2.5.1 Pyridine Alkaloids
			9.2.5.2 Indole Alkaloids
			9.2.5.3 Steroidal Alkaloids
	9.3 Exploring Plant-Based Metabolites as Biocompatible Therapeutics
		9.3.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Nanoparticle Coated Plant Secondary Metabolites
		9.3.2 Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) for the Synthesis of Polymer Thin Films
			9.3.2.1 Terpinen-4-Ol
			9.3.2.3 Carvone
			9.3.2.4 Geranium
	9.4 Plant Secondary Metabolites: Key Target Player
	9.5 Overcoming the Bacterial Drug Resistance
	9.6 Mechanism of Action of Plant-Based Secondary Metabolites
		9.6.1 Primary Mechanisms of Action
			9.6.1.1 Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membrane
			9.6.1.2 Interfering With DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis
			9.6.1.3 Interrupting Communication Between Bacterial Cells
			9.6.1.4 Synergistic Approaches to Enhance Activity
	9.7 Green Synthesis of Plant-Based Metabolites as Antimicrobial Activity
	9.8 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity
	9.9 Why Does Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticle Show Better Antimicrobial Activity?
	9.10 Green Synthesized Nanoparticle as Antimicrobial Agents
	9.11 In Silico Studies for Screening of Potential Metabolites as Therapeutic Agents
	9.12 Plant Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas 9
	9.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
10 New Alternatives of Treatment Against Intestinal Parasite Infection
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bioactive Compounds
	10.3 Repurposing of Existing Drugs
		10.3.1 Beta-Blockers
		10.3.2 Proton Pump Inhibitors
		10.3.3 Anti-Obesity
		10.3.4 Antimalarials
		10.3.5 Inhibitors of Ethanol Metabolism
		10.3.6 Anti-Rheumatic Agents
		10.3.7 Anti-Parkinson
		10.3.8 Anti-Cancer
		10.3.9 Anti-Inflammatories
		10.3.10 Antidepressants
		10.3.11 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
		10.3.12 Immunomodulators
	10.4 Novel Strategies for Drug Target Discovery in Intestinal Parasites
		10.4.1 Identification of New Molecular Targets By Bioinformatic Assays
		10.4.2 Gene Editing Approaches
	10.5 Nanotechnology On New Alternatives of Treatment Against Intestinal Parasite Infection
		10.5.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		10.5.2 Organic Nanoparticles
	10.6 Antimicrobial Peptides as Antiparasitic Agents
	10.7 Immunotherapeutic Approach
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
Index