Antigen Delivery Systems: Immunological and Technological Issues (Drug Targeting and Delivery)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
THE CONTROLLED RELEASE TETANUS VACCINE PROJECT......Page 18
THE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC CONTROLLED RELEASE SYSTEMS......Page 19
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTROLLED RELEASE TETANUS VACCINE......Page 22
PROGRESS WITH OTHER CONTROLLED RELEASE VACCINES......Page 28
Diphtheria......Page 29
Enveloped viruses......Page 30
THE POTENTIAL OF MICROSPHERES FOR ORAL IMMUNIZATION......Page 31
SUMMARY......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
STRUCTURE OF THE CLASS I MHC PROTEINS......Page 37
STRUCTURE AND NATURE OF THE CLASS I MHC-BOUND PEPTIDES......Page 38
CLASS I MHC-RESTRICTED PROCESSING OF CYTOSOLIC ANTIGENS......Page 40
ALTERNATIVE CLASS I MHC-RESTRICTED ANTIGEN PROCESSING PATHWAYS......Page 43
STRUCTURE OF THE CLASS II MHC PROTEINS......Page 46
STRUCTURE AND NATURE OF THE CLASS II MHC-BOUND PEPTIDES......Page 47
ASSEMBLY OF PEPTIDE-CLASS II MHC COMPLEXES......Page 49
ALTERNATIVE CLASS II MHC-RESTRICTED ANTIGEN PROCESSING PATHWAYS......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 57
ORGANIZATION OF MUCOSAL SURFACES......Page 66
ANTIGEN SAMPLING ACROSS STRATIFIED EPITHELIA: THE ROLE OF INTRAEPITHELIAL DENDRITIC CELLS AND MACROPHAGES......Page 67
ANTIGEN SAMPLING ACROSS SIMPLE EPITHELIA: THE ROLE OF THE FOLLICLE-ASSOCIATED EPITHELIUM......Page 70
ONTOGENY OF THE FAE AND M CELLS......Page 71
ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS......Page 73
ANTIGEN PRESENTATION IN MALT......Page 75
CONCLUSION......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 83
Safety......Page 84
Stability......Page 87
DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR HUMAN VACCINES......Page 89
Aluminium Salts......Page 90
Emulsions......Page 91
Liposomes......Page 92
Polymer Microspheres......Page 93
CONCLUSION......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
INTRODUCTION......Page 98
THE STANDARD IMMUNOPOTENTIATORS......Page 100
Aluminum Adsorbents......Page 102
Freund-type Emulsions......Page 107
Saponins, Quil A and Immune Stimulating Complexes......Page 112
CONCLUSIONS......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
Background......Page 123
Preparation of Liposomes......Page 125
Systemic Vaccination......Page 128
Liposomes as Carriers of Peptide or Hapten Antigens......Page 132
Macrophages as Antigen Presenting Cells for Liposomal Antigens......Page 134
Liposome Retention Time......Page 135
Liposome Targeting......Page 136
Cytokines......Page 138
Lipopolysaccharide......Page 139
Cholera Toxin......Page 140
The Mucosal Immune System......Page 141
Oral Immunisation......Page 144
Intranasal Immunisation......Page 146
NUCLEIC ACID VACCINATION......Page 148
CONCLUSION......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 151
THE VIROSOMAL VACCINE APPROACH......Page 163
IMMUNOPOTENTIATING RECONSTITUTED INFLUENZA VIROSOMES (IRIV)......Page 165
PRECLINICAL EVALUATION OF VIROSOMAL VACCINES......Page 170
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF A VIROSOMAL HEPATITIS A VACCINE......Page 174
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF TWO VIROSOMAL INFLUENZA VACCINES......Page 181
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF AN IRIV BASED VACCINE COMBINING 7 VIRAL AND BACTERIAL ANTIGENS......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 188
ISCOM STRUCTURE AND PREPARATION......Page 195
INDUCTION OF B CELL RESPONSES......Page 197
INDUCTION OF T CELL RESPONSES......Page 198
INDUCTION OF LOCAL IMMUNITY......Page 199
Influenza Viruses......Page 200
Paramyxoviruses......Page 204
Herpes Viruses......Page 205
Hepadnaviruses......Page 206
Retroviruses......Page 207
CONCLUSIONS......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 210
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
Nanoparticles Obtained by Polymerisation of a Monomer......Page 219
Nanoparticles prepared with synthetic preformed polymers......Page 222
Nanoparticles produced from natural macromolecules......Page 224
Loading......Page 226
Peptides associated with nanoparticles......Page 227
Antibodies associated to nanoparticles......Page 229
Drug Release......Page 230
Intravenous Route......Page 235
Oral Route......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 238
INTRODUCTION......Page 244
MICROENCAPSULATION OF VACCINES......Page 246
Spray drying......Page 248
Phase separation technique......Page 252
W/O/W microencapsulation technique......Page 255
General Aspects......Page 258
Release of Antigens from Biodegradable Microspheres......Page 259
Residual Solvents......Page 264
Aseptic Processing versus Sterilization Procedures......Page 266
Biodegradation and Release Properties......Page 267
Poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)......Page 268
Poly (imino-carbonates)......Page 271
Biodegradable ABA Triblock Copolymers......Page 272
Various Biodegradable Materials for Vaccine Encapsulation......Page 275
Adsorption of Proteins to Polymers......Page 276
Stability Issues......Page 278
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
List of Abbreviations......Page 288
INTRODUCTION......Page 290
CONTROLLED ANTIGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH PLGA/PLA POLYMERS AND ANTIBODY RESPONSES......Page 291
Single-dose Tetanus Vaccine......Page 293
Antibody and T Helper Responses to Synthetic Peptides......Page 296
Co-administration of Two Distinct Peptides......Page 297
CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO A SHORT SYNTHETIC CTL EPITOPE......Page 299
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION WITH MICROENCAPSULATED ANTIGENS......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 306
The Common Mucosal Immune System......Page 310
Particulate Carriers for Mucosal Immunization......Page 312
MUCOSAL IMMUNIZATION WITH POLYMERIC MICROPARTICLES......Page 315
The Oral Route......Page 316
The Nasal Route......Page 322
Lectins......Page 326
Cholera Toxin and its B Subunit......Page 329
CONCLUSIONS......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
INTRODUCTION......Page 338
Pre-clinical Safety Evaluation......Page 342
Quality Control Issues with Respect to Safety......Page 347
Pre-clinical Evaluation and Development......Page 349
Quality Control Issues with Respect to Efficacy......Page 354
Physical properties......Page 355
Antigen Content......Page 357
Immunogenicity or potency......Page 359
STABILITY......Page 360
POST-MARKETING SURVEILLANCE......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 367
INDEX......Page 372