Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing Against Equality

Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe
	Contents
	Abbreviations
	1 “Gender ideology” in movement: Introduction
		“Gender ideology” as a discourse
		“Gender ideology” as a strategy
		“Gender ideology” as a national phenomenon
		References
	2 “Gender ideology” in Austria: Coalitions around an empty signifier
		The Austrian context and the emergence of the anti-gender discourse
		Actors of the “gender ideology” alliance
		Discursive analysis: What’s the problem with “gender ideology”?
		Conclusion
		References
	3 “No prophet is accepted in his own country”: Catholic anti-gender activism in Belgium
		Marching for the family
		A strongly minorized movement in Flanders
		Francophone Belgium: Activists with a French touch
		Why are they not influential?
		Conclusion
		References
	4 Embryo, teddy bear-centaur and the constitution: Mobilizations against “gender ideology” and sexual permissiveness in Croatia
		Background
		A chronology of main activities and targets
		The defining characteristics of the movement
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Resisting “gender theory” in France: A fulcrum for religious action in a secular society
		Anti-gender mobilization in the 2010s
		Explaining the emergence of the anti-gender cause
		France’s “anti-gender” pipeline to the Vatican
		Translating the “anti-gender” cause for the 2010s: Reframing for a new context
		The religious, political and social backgrounds of activists: An organizing advantage with a communications liability
		Broadening the appeal of the anti-gender movement: Neutralizing the religious and social characteristics of the activists
		The effects of anti-gender mobilization on inter- and intra-religious political dynamics
		Conclusion
		References
	6 “Anti-genderismus”: German angst?
		General background: The situation in Germany
		Early articulations: Journalistic neoconservatism and lay Catholic/Christian voices
		The current situation: Anti-genderism as a missing link between heterogeneous constellations
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Anti-gender discourse in Hungary: A discourse without a movement?
		The history of a discourse
		Why is there no movement? Discouraging factors
		Why we could expect the emergence of a movement
		Conclusion
		References
	8 Defending Catholic Ireland
		A Catholic nation for a Catholic people
		Abortion and Catholicism in Ireland
		The Irish Catholic Church and homosexuality
		The 2015 same-sex marriage campaign
		Conclusion
		References
	9 Italy as a lighthouse: Anti-gender protests between the “anthropological question” and national identity
		From nothing to all: The emergency of gender in Italian politics
		Gender as a federating rallying cry with a make-up effect
		Protecting “our children” to defend the human and safeguard national identity
		Italy as a fertile ground for “gender ideology”
		References
	10 “Worse than communism and Nazism put together”: War on gender in Poland
		Key actors and strategies in the Polish war on gender
		Main themes and developments
		Anti-genderism as an intellectual project
		Interpretations of anti-gender mobilization: Polish exceptionalism reconsidered
		Conclusion
		References
	11 Russia as the saviour of European civilization: Gender and the geopolitics of traditional values
		The Russian context
		“Gender ideology” discourse in Russia
		Academic homophobia: Moscow State University
		The World Congress of Families
		Politicians, political networking and the Russian Orthodox Church
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Changing gender several times a day: The anti-gender movement in Slovenia
		A civil initiative of concerned citizens
		The anti-gender movement and the Catholic Church
		The interpretations and framings of “gender theory”
		The success of the anti-gender movement
		Conclusion
		References
	13 From the pulpit to the streets: Ultra-conservative religious positions against gender in Spain
		Religion, society and politics
		The emergence of the discourse on “gender ideology”
		Anti-gender actors and their strategies
		Explaining the low impact of high mobilization
		References
	14 The anti-gender movement in comparative perspective
		Overview of the anti-gender movement in Europe
		An uneven development in Europe
		Europe in a global picture
		References
	Biographies
	Index