Anthrax in Humans and Animals

Contents......Page 4
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Development of these guidelines......Page 7
Preface......Page 8
Summary......Page 10
1.2 Deliberate release – bioaggression......Page 17
2.1 Spores and vegetative forms......Page 18
2.2 Seasonality......Page 23
2.3 Strains and ecoepidemiology......Page 25
2.4 Anomalies of history......Page 26
3.1 Host range, susceptibility andinfectious dose......Page 27
3.2 Incidence of anthrax in animals......Page 29
3.3 Transmission, exacerbating factorsand epidemiology in animals......Page 30
3.4 Clinical manifestations;incubation periods......Page 38
3.5 Diagnosis......Page 42
4.1 Human incidence......Page 45
4.2 Susceptibility: data for risk assessments......Page 46
4.3 Epidemiology and transmission:the forms of anthrax......Page 50
4.4 Clinical disease in humans......Page 52
5.1 Events after entry through a lesion......Page 62
5.4 The role of phagocytosis......Page 63
5.5 Virulence factors......Page 65
6.2 Detection and isolation......Page 70
6.3 Identification and confirmation......Page 71
6.5 Spores......Page 76
6.6 Other surface antigens: anthrax specific epitopes and detection methodology......Page 77
6.7 Transport of clinical and environmental samples......Page 78
7.1 Overview......Page 79
7.2 Response to outbreaks in animals......Page 86
7.3 Treatment of humans......Page 89
8.3 Disposal of anthrax (animal) carcasses......Page 98
8.6 Prophylaxis......Page 102
8.8 Duration of veterinary vaccination programmes......Page 108
8.10 Control in wildlife......Page 109
9.1 Introduction......Page 110
9.3 Surveillance reporting outline......Page 111
9.4 Human surveillance......Page 115
9.5 Veterinary surveillance......Page 116
9.6 Communication of disease data......Page 117
9.7 Templates for control programmes from the Model Country Project......Page 118
Annexes......Page 124
Annex 1. Laboratory procedures for diagnosis of anthrax, and isolation and identification of Bacillus anthracis......Page 126
Annex 2. Media, diagnostic phage and stains......Page 148
Annex 3. Disinfection, decontamination, fumigation, incineration......Page 152
Annex 4. Terrestrial Animal Health Code......Page 164
Annex 5. Vaccines and therapeutic sera......Page 166
Annex 6. Contingency plan for the preventionand control of anthrax......Page 179
Annex 7. Sampling plans for environmental testing ofpotentially contaminated sites......Page 185
References......Page 188
Index......Page 207