Antenna Theory and Microstrip Antennas

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
About the Author......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 13
1.3 Two Kinds of Linear Elementary Sources and Huygens' Planar Element......Page 14
1.3.1 Radiation Fields Generated by an Infinitesimal Electric Dipole......Page 15
1.3.2 Radiation Fields Generated by an Infinitesimal Magnetic Dipole......Page 21
1.3.3 Radiation Fields Generated by Huygens' Planar Element......Page 23
1.4.1 Radiation Pattern......Page 26
1.4.2 Directivity and Gain......Page 27
1.4.3 Polarization......Page 30
1.4.4 Characteristics and Parameters of an Antenna in Receiving Mode......Page 36
1.4.5 Radar Equation and Friis Transmission Formula......Page 40
2.2 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing......Page 45
2.3 Phased (Scanning) Array, Grating Lobe and Sub-Array......Page 46
2.4.1 Schelkunoff's Unit Circle Representation (SUCR)......Page 50
2.4.2 Dolph-Tschebyscheff (DT) Distribution......Page 51
2.4.3 Taylor Distribution......Page 55
2.4.4 Woodward-Lawson (WL) Method......Page 61
2.4.5 Supergain Arrays......Page 65
2.5.1 Density Taper-Deterministic......Page 66
2.5.2 Density Taper-Statistical......Page 68
2.6 Signal Processing Antenna Array......Page 69
2.6.1 Multi-Beam Antenna Array (Analog Beamforming)......Page 71
2.6.2 Angular Super-Resolution for Phased Antenna Array through Phase Weighting......Page 73
2.6.3 Angular Super-Resolution for Conventional Antenna through Angle Weighting......Page 75
2.6.4 Adaptive Beamforming Antenna Array......Page 76
2.7.1 Array Factor......Page 78
2.7.2 Taylor Patterns of Circular Aperture......Page 81
2.8.1 Introduction to Genetic Algorithms......Page 84
2.8.2 Optimized Design of Planar Array by Using the Combination of GA and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)......Page 89
Bibliography......Page 92
Problems......Page 93
3.2.1 Field Distribution from Cavity Model......Page 97
3.2.2 Radiation Pattern......Page 101
3.2.3 Radiation Conductance......Page 102
3.2.4 Input Impedance from Cavity Model......Page 103
3.2.5 Input Impedance from Transmission Line Model......Page 107
3.2.6 Bandwidth of Input Impedance, Efficiency and Directivity......Page 108
3.2.7 Multiport Analysis......Page 109
3.3.1 Correction of Edge Effect by DC Fringing Fields......Page 110
3.3.2 Irregularly Shaped Patch as Perturbation of Regularly Shaped Patch......Page 113
3.4.3 Feeding Methods......Page 115
3.4.4 Matching Between the Patch and the Feed......Page 116
3.4.5 Design Example......Page 117
3.5 Example of LTCC Microstrip Patch Antenna......Page 119
Bibliography......Page 121
Problems......Page 122
4.1 Introduction......Page 123
4.2 Basic Concept of Spectral Domain Approach......Page 124
4.3 Some Useful Transform Relations......Page 126
4.4 Scalarization of Maxwell's Equations......Page 128
4.5 Dyadic Green's Function (DGF)......Page 131
4.6 Mixed Potential Representations......Page 134
4.7 Transmission-Line Green's Functions......Page 138
4.7.1 Parallel Current Source......Page 139
4.7.2 Series Voltage Source......Page 141
4.7.3 Example......Page 142
4.8.1 Branch Points and Branch Cuts......Page 145
4.8.2 Poles......Page 150
4.8.3 Integration Paths......Page 152
4.9.1 Extraction of Quasi-Static Images......Page 156
4.9.2 Extraction of Surface Waves......Page 158
4.9.3 Approximation for the Remaining Integrands......Page 160
4.10 Asymptotic Integration Techniques and Their Applications......Page 165
4.10.1 The Saddle Point Method......Page 166
4.10.2 The Steepest Descent Method......Page 167
4.10.4 Extensions of the Above Asymptotic Formulas......Page 168
4.10.5 Radiation Patterns of Microstrip Antennas......Page 169
Bibliography......Page 173
Problems......Page 175
5.2 The Space Mapping (SM) Technique......Page 179
5.2.1 Original Space Mapping Algorithm......Page 180
5.2.2 Aggressive Space Mapping Algorithm (ASM)......Page 182
5.2.3 Using the Closed Form Created by the Full Wave Solver as a Coarse Model in ASM......Page 184
5.2.4 Using the Closed Form Created by the Cavity Model as a Coarse Model in ASM......Page 186
5.3.1 One-Dimensional Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE)......Page 187
5.3.2 Two-Dimensional Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE)......Page 191
5.4.1 Mutual Impedance Formula Between Two Antenna Elements......Page 193
5.4.3 Numerical Results......Page 197
5.5.1 Concept of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN)......Page 202
5.5.2 Hybrid of AWE and ANN......Page 207
5.5.3 Hybrid of SM and ANN......Page 211
5.5.4 Hybrid of SM/ANN and Adaptive Frequency Sampling (AFS)......Page 214
5.6 Summary......Page 215
Bibliography......Page 216
Problems......Page 218
6.1 Introduction......Page 219
6.2.1 Series Feed......Page 220
6.2.2 Parallel Feed......Page 221
6.3 Design of Power Divider and Transmission on the Transformer......Page 222
6.4.1 Design of a 16GHz Compact Microstrip Antenna Array......Page 227
6.4.2 Design of a Low Side Lobe Level Microstrip Antenna Array......Page 231
6.4.3 Design of a Compact Single Layer Monopulse Microstrip Antenna Array With Low Side Lobe Levels......Page 233
6.4.4 Design of an Integrated LTCC mm-Wave Planar Antenna Array......Page 241
6.5.1 Mutual Coupling Effects and Analysis......Page 245
6.5.2 Mutual Coupling in a Linear Dipole Array of Finite Size......Page 246
6.5.3 Mutual Coupling in Finite Microstrip Patch Arrays......Page 251
6.6.2 Mutual Coupling Reduction of the Microstrip Antenna Array......Page 256
6.6.3 Adaptive Nulling......Page 258
Bibliography......Page 260
Problems......Page 263
7.2 Geometrical Optics......Page 265
7.3 Physical Optics......Page 269
7.4 Diffraction by a Conducting Half Plane With Normal Incidence......Page 272
7.5 Diffraction by a Conducting Half Plane With Arbitrary Incidence......Page 277
7.6.1 Radiation from a Slit Aperture......Page 282
7.6.2 Edge Diffracted Fields from the Finite Ground Plane of a Microstrip Antenna......Page 284
7.7 Fresnel Diffraction in Three Dimensions......Page 285
Bibliography......Page 287
Problems......Page 288
8.2 Fundamental Transformations......Page 291
8.3 Probe Compensation......Page 296
8.4 Integral Equation Approach......Page 300
8.5.1 Theory......Page 303
8.5.2 Diagnostics Example of Microstrip Antenna Array......Page 306
Bibliography......Page 307
Problems......Page 308