Antenna and array technologies for future wireless ecosystems

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Author Biographies
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Surface‐Wave Based Metasurface Antennas
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Typologies of Pixels
	1.3 Flat Optics Analysis
	1.4 Multiscale Analysis and Synthesis
		1.4.1 Continuous BC Synthesis
		1.4.2 Element Synthesis
		1.4.3 Virtual Prototyping
	1.5 Dual Polarization
		1.5.1 Double‐Mode Excitation by a Single Feed
		1.5.2 Aperture Sharing and Double‐Feed
		1.5.3 Central and Peripheral Excitations
	1.6 Beam Shaping
	1.7 Limit of Aperture Efficiency and High‐Gain Examples
		1.7.1 Various Types of Efficiencies
		1.7.2 Bounds on the Maximum Aperture Efficiency
		1.7.3 Feed Efficiency
		1.7.4 Example of MTS Antenna with High Aperture Efficiency
		1.7.5 Example of a Very High‐Gain Antenna
	1.8 Wideband and Limit of Bandwidth‐Gain Product
		1.8.1 Gain and Bandwidth for Uniform Phase Modulation
		1.8.2 Gain and Bandwidth for Non‐uniform Phase Modulation
			1.8.2.1 Exponential Modulation
			1.8.2.2 General Form of the Modulation Period
			1.8.2.3 Range of Applicability
		1.8.3 Phase Center Stability
	1.9 Multibeam and Multi‐frequency
		1.9.1 Single Point Source and Dual Beam
		1.9.2 Multi‐point Sources and Multibeam, with Total Aperture Sharing
		1.9.3 Radar Monopulse Application
		1.9.4 Multi‐frequency Metasurface Antennas
	1.10 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2 Techniques for Designing High Gain and Two‐Dimensional Beam Scanning Antennas for 5G
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Luneburg Lens Designs
		2.2.1 Introduction
		2.2.2 Fabrication of Luneburg Lenses
			2.2.2.1 Use of Dielectric Sheets with Holes
			2.2.2.2 Use of 3D Printing
			2.2.2.3 Use of Specialized Materials
		2.2.3 Luneburg Lens with a Flat‐Base and a Waveguide Array Excitation
		2.2.4 Validation of Luneburg Lens Design
		2.2.5 Dual‐Polarized Luneburg Lens Antenna Feed Systems
			2.2.5.1 Dual‐Linear Feed Design
		2.2.6 Size‐Reduction of Luneburg Lens
	2.3 Gain Enhancement Approaches for Antennas and Arrays
		2.3.1 High Gain Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna and Arrays Using Wings
		2.3.2 High Gain Slotted Waveguide Antenna Arrays
			2.3.2.1 Gain Enhancement Using Grooves and Tilted Wings
			2.3.2.2 Gain Enhancement Using V‐Shaped Wings
			2.3.2.3 Gain Enhancement by Using Two Arrays, Each with Wings
		2.3.3 Two‐Dimensional Beam Scanning with Slotted Array Antennas
			2.3.3.1 Longitudinal Plane Beam Scanning Using U‐Shaped Phase Shifter
			2.3.3.2 Transversal Beam Scanning Using Phase Tapers in the Feed Ports
			2.3.3.3 Two‐Dimensional Beam Scanning Using Three SCAAs Augmented with Wings
	2.4 Reconfigurable Liquid Metal‐Based SIW Phase Shifter
		2.4.1 Concept and Structure of the SIW Phase Shifter
			2.4.1.1 Switched‐Line SIW Phase Shifter for Coarse Phase Steps
			2.4.1.2 Reactively Loaded SIW Phase Shifter for Fine Phase Steps
		2.4.2 Practical Considerations of Fabrication
		2.4.3 Results and Discussion
	2.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Low‐Cost Beam‐Reconfigurable Directional Antennas for Advanced Communications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Beam‐Reconfigurable Antenna Using Active Frequency Selective Surfaces
	3.3 Beam‐Reconfigurable Antenna Using Parasitic Elements
	3.4 1‐Bit Reflectarray and Transmitarray
		3.4.1 1‐Bit Reflectarray
		3.4.2 1‐Bit Transmitarray
	3.5 Beam‐Switching and Multi‐Beam Lens
		3.5.1 Extended Hemispherical Lens
		3.5.2 Luneburg Lens
	3.6 Beam‐Reconfigurable Array Using Tunable Dielectrics
	3.7 Other Techniques to Realize a Beam‐Reconfigurable High‐Directivity Antenna
		3.7.1 Fixed‐Frequency Beam‐Scanning Leaky‐Wave Antennas
		3.7.2 Mechanical 2D Beam‐Steering
		3.7.3 Beam‐Steering Fabry–Perot Resonator Antennas
		3.7.4 Beam‐Reconfigurable Arrays Using Low‐Cost Beamforming Networks
	3.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Smart Leaky‐Wave Antennas for Iridescent IoT Wireless Networks
	4.1 Leaky‐Wave Antennas for Efficient Wireless Systems
	4.2 Low‐Cost Printed‐Circuit Frequency‐Scanning LWAs
	4.3 LWAs for Efficient Communications in Iridescent Wireless Networks
	4.4 LWAs Applied for Localization in Practical Wireless Networks
		4.4.1 FS‐LWAs for DoA in Wi‐Fi WLANs
		4.4.2 FS‐LWAs for DoA in BLE WPANs
		4.4.3 Two‐Dimensional Localization
		4.4.4 Near‐Field Effects
		4.4.5 Use of FS‐LWA in WSNs
	4.5 LWAs for Efficient Wireless Power Transfer
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Antenna‐in‐Package Design for Wireless System on a Chip
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 High‐Volume Manufacturing of an AiP Module
		5.2.1 LTCC
		5.2.2 HDI
		5.2.3 FOWLP
	5.3 Design Consideration
		5.3.1 Radiating Element
		5.3.2 Ground Plane
			5.3.2.1 Meshed Ground Plane
			5.3.2.2 Defected Ground Plane
			5.3.2.3 Patterned Ground Plane
		5.3.3 Feed Network
			5.3.3.1 Wire
			5.3.3.2 Bump
			5.3.3.3 Via
		5.3.4 Metal Fill
		5.3.5 Shielding Structure
			5.3.5.1 Coupling Mechanism
			5.3.5.2 CFS and CPS
		5.3.6 Cooling Method
			5.3.6.1 Passive Cooling
			5.3.6.2 Active Cooling
	5.4 Testing AiP
		5.4.1 Test System
		5.4.2 Testing Strategy
	5.5 Three AiP Examples
		5.5.1 A Wire‐Bond AiP for a Receiver at 60 GHz
		5.5.2 A Flip‐Chip AiP for a 5G NR at 28 GHz
		5.5.3 A Fan‐Out AiP for a Drone Radar at 122 GHz
	5.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6 Terahertz Lens Antennas
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Printing with 3D Printers from Formlabs
	6.3 Measurement Platforms for Lens Antennas
	6.4 Pixel Design of the Discrete Dielectric Lenses
	6.5 Integration of a Dielectric Polarizer with a Lens for CP Radiation
	6.6 Design, Fabrication, and Testing of THz Lens Antennas
		6.6.1 Far‐Field and Near‐Field Focusing LP Lenses
		6.6.2 Far‐Field and Near‐Field Focusing CP Lenses
		6.6.3 Bessel Beam LP Lenses
		6.6.4 Bessel Beam LP Lenses Carrying OAM
	6.7 Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 7 Photonics‐Based Millimeter‐Wave Band Remote Beamforming of Antenna Arrays Integrated with Photodiodes
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Configuration of Photonics‐Based Antenna Beamforming Utilizing the RoF Technique
		7.2.1 Basic Concept and Configuration
		7.2.2 Generation of RoF Signals with Different RF Phases to be Fed to Antenna Element
		7.2.3 Transmission of Multiple RoF Signals with Different RF Phases
	7.3 Two‐Dimensional (4 × 2) Antenna Array Integrated with Photodiodes for 60 GHz Band Applications
		7.3.1 Design and Fabrication
		7.3.2 Beamforming Utilizing WDM RoF Transmission
		7.3.3 Fading of an Amplitude Modulated RoF Signal Due to Chromatic Dispersion
		7.3.4 Digital Signal Transmission at 3.5‐Gbit/s
		7.3.5 Wireless Communication Range
	7.4 Compact Antenna Module Integrated with Photodiodes to Achieve a Flexible Array Pattern
		7.4.1 Design and Fabrication of an Integrated Photonic Antenna Module
		7.4.2 Beamforming by an Array of the Antenna Array Modules
	7.5 Direct Delay Control for Beamforming by Variable Optical Delay Devices with 10 Gbit/s Class Data Transmission
		7.5.1 Direct Delay Control by Optical Variable Line
		7.5.2 Demonstration of Beamforming of a Digital Signal
	7.6 Antenna Array Beamforming Using a 1.3‐μm Band EML as the Light Source
	7.7 Perspectives
	7.8 Estimation of the Direction of a User Terminal
	7.9 Summary
	Abbreviations
	References
Chapter 8 Contemporary Array Analysis Using Embedded Element Patterns
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Design Methods: Classical Array Factor
		8.2.1 Array Theory: The Uniform Linear Array
	8.3 Embedded Element Patterns
	8.4 Approximate Analysis Methods: The Lossless, Resonant, Minimum Scattering Approximation
		8.4.1 LRMSA Examples
		8.4.2 Isotropic Radiators
	8.5 Exact Design Methods: Full‐Wave Computational Electromagnetics Modeling
		8.5.1 MoM Modeling of Thin Wires
		8.5.2 Beamforming and Beam Steering
			8.5.2.1 Limitations of the Array Factor Method
			8.5.2.2 The Maximum Directivity Beamformer
			8.5.2.3 An Example: A Base Station Array
		8.5.3 Summarizing Array Analysis Options
	8.6 Receive‐Only Systems
		8.6.1 Array Receivers: Network Model
		8.6.2 Array Receivers: Reciprocity and EEPs
		8.6.3 Array Receivers: Figures of Merit
		8.6.4 An Example of Receiver System Temperature Calculation
	8.7 An Open Question Around EEPs
	8.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9 Angle‐of‐Arrival Estimation in Large‐Scale Hybrid Antenna Arrays
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Satellite Communications
		9.1.2 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT)
		9.1.3 High‐Speed Railway (HSR) Communications
		9.1.4 Angle‐of‐Arrival (AoA) Estimation
	9.2 Popular Hybrid Structures of Large‐Scale Antenna Arrays
	9.3 AoA Estimation – State of the Art
		9.3.1 Narrowband Hybrid Array of Phased Subarrays
		9.3.2 Wideband Hybrid Array of Phased Subarrays
		9.3.3 Lens Antenna Arrays
	9.4 Fast and Accurate AoA Estimation Techniques for Large‐Scale Arrays of Phased Subarrays
		9.4.1 Narrowband AoA Estimation
			9.4.1.1 Phase Shift Calculation
			9.4.1.2 Estimation of Nu
			9.4.1.3 Estimation of u
		9.4.2 Wideband AoA Estimation
	9.5 Fast and Accurate AoA Estimation
		9.5.1 Wide‐Beam Synthesis
		9.5.2 DFT Beam Difference
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Electrically Small Antenna Advances for Current 5G and Evolving 6G and Beyond Wireless Systems
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 ESA Figures of Merit
		10.2.1 Bandwidth
		10.2.2 Directivity and Efficiency
	10.3 Overcoming Conventional ESA Stigmas and Trade‐Offs
		10.3.1 Metamaterial‐Based ESAs
		10.3.2 Metamaterial‐Inspired ESAs
		10.3.3 Non‐Foster Circuits
	10.4 More Complex Electrically Small NFRP Antennas
		10.4.1 Multifunctional Designs
		10.4.2 Reconfigurable Designs
	10.5 Directive Electrically Small NFRP Antennas
		10.5.1 Quasi‐Yagi
		10.5.2 Huygens Dipole Antennas
		10.5.3 Additional Reported ESAs
	10.6 Forward Looking ESA Applications
		10.6.1 WPT and Rectennas
		10.6.2 Wirelessly Powered Sensors
		10.6.3 Pregtronics
		10.6.4 Millimeter‐Wave Designs
		10.6.5 Beam‐Steerable Huygens Dipole Antenna Arrays
			10.6.5.1 HDA Theory
			10.6.5.2 Array of Huygens Dipole Sources
			10.6.5.3 Proof‐of‐Concept Prototype
	10.7 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11 Overview of Rydberg Atom‐Based Sensors/Receivers for the Measurement of Electric Fields, Power, Voltage, and Modulated Signals
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Electric‐Field Strength: EIT (On Resonant and Stark Shift)
	11.3 Uncertainties
	11.4 Detection of AM and FM Modulated Signals
	11.5 Phase Detection and Phase Modulated Signal Detection
	11.6 RF Power Measurements
	11.7 Voltage Measurements
	11.8 Other Applications: RF Camera, Angle‐of‐Arrival, Waveform Analyzer, Plasma Measurements, and Thermometry
	11.9 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
Chapter 12 Quantum Antenna Arrays
	12.1 The Rise of Quantum Technologies
	12.2 Quantum Antenna Array Theory
		12.2.1 Macroscopic Quantum Electrodynamics
		12.2.2 The Quantum Field in the Far‐Zone
		12.2.3 Decay Dynamics in the Noninteracting Markovian Regime
	12.3 Photon Statistics
	12.4 Linear Array of Quantum Emitters
		12.4.1 First‐Order Correlations
		12.4.2 Second‐Order Correlations
		12.4.3 Nth‐Order Correlations
	12.5 Isotropic Single‐Photon Sources
	12.6 Quantum Superdirectivity?
	12.7 Quantum Antenna Array Technologies
	12.8 Forward‐Looking Directions
	References
Index
EULA