Animals in Our Midst: The Challenges of Co-existing with Animals in the Anthropocene

Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
1 Animals in Our Midst: An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Animal Ethics in the Anthropocene
	1.3 The Netherlands as Mirror of Biodiversity Problems
		1.3.1 The Recovery of Wildlife
		1.3.2 Exotic Species and Climate Refugees
		1.3.3 The Sixth Mass Extinction
		1.3.4 Rewilding and De-extinction
		1.3.5 Intensive Livestock Farming
		1.3.6 The Ecological Impact of Large-Scale Hunting
		1.3.7 Companion Animals
		1.3.8 The ‘Liminalisation’ of Wildlife
		1.3.9 The Struggle for Nature Between People
	1.4 Overview of the Volume
		1.4.1 Part 1: Animal Agents
		1.4.2 Part 2: Domesticated Animals
		1.4.3 Part 3: Urban Animals
		1.4.4 Part 4: Wild Animals
		1.4.5 Part 5: Animal Artefacts
	References
2 Animal Conservation in the Twenty-First Century
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Viable Populations
	2.3 Sufficiently Large Numbers and the Amount of Area They Require
	2.4 Challenges
	2.5 Trophic Downgrading: “When the Cat Is Away, the Mice Will Play”
	2.6 Conservation in Twenty-First Century: ‘Cores, Corridors and Carnivores’ Meets ‘Nature Needs Half’
	2.7 Viable Ecosystems with Red Deer and Wolf in the Netherlands
		2.7.1 Current Population of Red Deer in the Netherlands
		2.7.2 Current Population of Wolf in the Netherlands
		2.7.3 Predator-Prey Relation Between Wolf and Red Deer
	2.8 The Netherlands in 2120
	2.9 Change
	2.10 Further Reading
	References
Part I Animal Agents
3 Taking Animal Perspectives into Account in Animal Ethics
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conceptualizing Animal Agency: Two Models
		3.2.1 Propositional Agency
		3.2.2 Materialist Agency
		3.2.3 A Working Definition of Agency
	3.3 Taking into Account Relational Agency in Animal Ethics on the Micro- and Macro Level
		3.3.1 Relational Agency and Animal Ethics
		3.3.2 Taking into Account Macro-Relations in Thinking About Agency and Ethics
	3.4 Risks for Relational Approaches to Ethics
	3.5 Further Directions
		3.5.1 Research
		3.5.2 Animal Cultures
		3.5.3 Animal Workers
		3.5.4 Further Directions
	References
4 Turning to Animal Agency in the Anthropocene
	4.1 The Centrality of Agency
	4.2 On Animal Agency and Self-Judging Obligations
	4.3 Standpoint Acknowledgement and How to Ask the Right Questions
	4.4 Calling for an “Animal Agency Turn”
	References
5 Animal Difference in the Age of the Selfsame
	5.1 Progressivist Anti-naturalism
	5.2 Sameness and Anthropocentrism
	5.3 Violence Against Otherness
	5.4 A Proposal for an Ethic of Animal Difference
	5.5 Sameness and the Anthropocene
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Utilitarianism
		6.2.1 Piecemeal Engineering
		6.2.2 The Balance of Nature and the Argument from Ignorance
		6.2.3 Paradise Engineering
	6.3 Rights Theories
		6.3.1 Lack of Moral Agency
		6.3.2 Non-human Victims
	6.4 The Capabilities Approach
		6.4.1 The Other Species Capability
		6.4.2 Broadening the Capabilities Approach
	6.5 Political Theory of Animal Rights
		6.5.1 Similarities and Dissimilarities with the Capabilities Approach
		6.5.2 Competence and Risk
		6.5.3 Positive and Negative Duties
		6.5.4 The Limits of a Place-Based Approach
		6.5.5 Blurring Boundaries
		6.5.6 Learning to Hunt and to Avoid Predators
	6.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
7 Justified Species Partiality
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Species-Membership Views of Moral Status
	7.3 Strategy One: Moral Status Equality and Moral Considerability Diversity
	7.4 Strategy Two: Equal Moral Status Without Equal Political Status
	7.5 Strategy Three: Differential Epistemic Position
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Humanity in the Living, the Living in Humans
	8.1 Introduction: Animals, Plants and Humans
	8.2 Food Makes the World Go Around
	8.3 Values in Animal Plant Interactions
	8.4 Do They Communicate with Each Other?
	8.5 Collaboration as a Mechanism of Co-evolution
	8.6 Tree of Life or Network?
	8.7 Symbiosis, Symbionts, Holobionts and Place
	8.8 Different Types of Relations Inter- and Intra-species
	8.9 Matter and Meaning; Philosophical Questions
	8.10 Barriers: Classifications, Anthropocentrism and Hubris
	8.11 Philosophical Challenges: Pandora’s  Box Versus New Skills
	8.12 Conclusion
	References
9 Comment: The Current State of Nonhuman Animal Agency
	9.1 Changing Perspectives Within Animal Ethics
	9.2 The Problem of Predation
	9.3 Human and Nonhuman Animals
	9.4 The Future of Agency
	References
Part II Domesticated Animals
10 An Introduction to Ecomodernism
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Optimal Role of Animals in Our Food System
	10.3 The Case for Intensification
	10.4 How History Shapes the Way We Think About Animal Farming
	10.5 The Future of Animal Farming
	10.6 The Future of Animal Eating
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11 Place-Making by Cows in an Intensive Dairy Farm: A Sociolinguistic Approach to Nonhuman Animal Agency
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Language and the Politics of Human Exceptionalism
	11.3 Cows as Social and Linguistic Beings
	11.4 Linguistic Place-Making in an Intensive Dairy Farm
		11.4.1 The Fieldwork Site
		11.4.2 Place-Making Through Practices of Sociality and Multilingualism
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 The Vanishing Ethics of Husbandry
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Industrial Animal Production
	12.3 Reforming Husbandry in Industrial Animal Production
	12.4 Philosophers and Animal Husbandry
	12.5 Animal Husbandry and Animal Activism
	12.6 The Eclipse of Husbandry and the Rise of Narcissism
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
13 Reimagining Human Responsibility Towards Animals for Disaster Management in the Anthropocene
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Animal Disaster Ethics: Developing Disaster Frameworks
	13.3 Animal Disaster Ethics: Revealing Animal Vulnerabilities
	13.4 Animal Disaster Management: A Reimagining
	13.5 Animal Disaster Management: Humanitarian Impulse and Animal Welfare Science
	13.6 Animal Disaster Management: Aims and Recommendations for Ethically  Responsible Caretaking
	13.7 Recommendations
	References
14 The Decisions of Wannabe Dog Keepers in the Netherlands
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Animal Ethicists’ Views on Dog Ownership
	14.3 Pedigree Pups
	14.4 Pups Without Pedigree
	14.5 Shelter Dogs
	14.6 Discussion
	References
15 Comment: Animals in ‘Non-Ideal Ethics’ and ‘No-Deal Ethics’
	15.1 Non-ideal Animal Ethics and the Meat Industry
	15.2 Non-ideal Animal Ethics and Disaster Management
	15.3 Non-ideal Ethics and Ethnographic Animal Studies
	15.4 Towards a No-Deal Animal Ethics
	References
Part III Urban Animals
16 Stray Agency and Interspecies Care:  The Amsterdam Stray Cats and Their Humans
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 The Amsterdam Stray Cat Foundation
	16.3 Degrees of Agency
	16.4 Networks of Care
	16.5 Cat Politics
		16.5.1 Stray Cat Rights
		16.5.2 Democratic Agency
	16.6 Cat-Human Relations at the SAZ as a Model for Future Interactions
		16.6.1 Ecologies of Care
		16.6.2 Sharing the City
		16.6.3 Interspecies Resistance as the Foundation for New Relations
	References
17 “Eek! A Rat!”
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 From the Lab to the Liminal
	17.3 How Fear and Disgust Impair Moral Judgment
	17.4 Rat Politics
	17.5 Failure of Imagination
	17.6 Sympathy for the Rat
	17.7 Compassion: A Stepping Stone?
	17.8 Compassion: Cornerstone of Interspecies Morality
	17.9 From Anthropocentric to Multispecies Epistemologies
	17.10 From Philosophical Deliberation to Compassionate Engagement
	17.11 Conclusion
	References
18 Interpreting the YouTube Zoo: Ethical Potential of Captive Encounters
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Interpreting the YouTube Zoo
	18.3 YouTube Orangutans Unsettling Binary Concepts
	18.4 The YouTube Zoo: Increasing Encounter Value or Enabling a Moral Gaze?
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
19 Wild Animals in the City: Considering and Connecting with Animals in Zoos and Aquariums
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Animal Welfare
	19.3 Human-Animal Interactions
	19.4 Wildness in Zoos
	19.5 Compassionate Education Programs
	19.6 Real Connections with Artificial Means
	19.7 Conclusion
	References
20 Comment: Encountering Urban Animals: Towards the Zoöpolis
	20.1 The Urban, the Animal
	20.2 Urban Animal Encounters and the Politics of Spatial Access
		20.2.1 The Home
		20.2.2 The Zoo
		20.2.3 The Streets/Parks/Margins
	20.3 Towards the Zoöpolis
		20.3.1 ‘Articulating With’ Animals
		20.3.2 Making Visible Relationalities
		20.3.3 Re-Storying the City to Imagine Otherwise
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
Part IV Wild Animals
21 Should We Provide the Bear Necessities? Climate Change, Polar Bears and the Ethics of Supplemental Feeding
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Some Basic Premises of This Paper
	21.3 The Situation of Polar Bears
	21.4 Possible Responses to Abrupt Polar Bear Starvation
	21.5 Ethical Reasons for Supplemental Feeding of Starving Bears
	21.6 Ethical Reservations About Feeding Bears
		21.6.1 Would Feeding Bears Harm the Bears Themselves?
		21.6.2 Would Feeding Bears Harm Other Sentient Animals?
	21.7 The Problem of “Semi-Managed Bear Parks”
		21.7.1 The Worry About Naturalness Value
		21.7.2 The Worry About Bear Agency and Longer Term Vulnerability
		21.7.3 The Worry About Sovereign Communities
	21.8 A Tentative Proposal: A Trial of Feeding Bears Without Injustice to People
	References
22 Understanding and Defending the Preference for Native Species
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 The Distinction Between Native and Non-Native Species
	22.3 The Prevalence of Non-Native Species
	22.4 Judging Species by Their Origin
	22.5 Do Non-Natives Threaten Biodiversity?
	22.6 Homogenization
	22.7 Naturalness Value and the Antipathy Toward Non-Natives
	22.8 Is the Antipathy Toward Non-Natives Based on Misleading Popular Ecology?
	22.9 The Xenophobia Objection
	22.10 The Need for Non-Natives in the Anthropocene
	22.11 Non-Native Animals in Our Midst
	22.12 Conclusion
	References
23 Coexisting with Wolves in Cultural Landscapes: Fences as Communicative Devices
	23.1 Wolves Recolonizing Europe
	23.2 Wolf Debates
	23.3 Wolf Predation on Livestock
	23.4 The Cultural Conflict About Wolves
	23.5 The Stewardship Model as Underlying Cause of the Conflict
	23.6 Wolves as Sovereign Beings
	23.7 Parallel Sovereignties in a Shared Landscape
	23.8 Living in a Multidimensional Landscape
	23.9 Wildlife Management and the Biosemiotics of Borders and Fences
	23.10 Building Communities with Humans and Wolves
	23.11 The Meaning of Living with Wolves
	23.12 Conclusion
	References
24 Consolations of Environmental Philosophy
	24.1 Introduction: The Difficult Coexistence
	24.2 The Dominant Concept of Consolation
	24.3 Philosophical Tradition of Consolation
	24.4 Environmental Philosophy on Ecological Discomforts
	24.5 The Scope of Consolation Is a Total Transformation
	24.6 Gentle and Strong Remedies
	24.7 The Individual and Private Is Universal and Public
	24.8 Conclusion—the Limits of Consolation
	References
25 On Hunting: Lions and Humans as Hunters
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Confession and Reflection
	25.3 On Ortega Y Gasset’s Meditations on Hunting
	25.4 Another Look at Whether Lions Should Be Allowed to Hunt
	25.5 Hunting and the Anthropocene
	25.6 Conclusion
	References
26 Comment: Sharing Our World with Wild Animals
	26.1 Wild Animals in the Anthropocene
	26.2 Towards an Anthropocenic Animal Ethics
	26.3 A Heterogeneous, Coercive, Socioecological Network
	26.4 Non-Specific Care for Wild Animals in a Humanized World
	References
Part V Animal Artefacts
27 De-extinction and Gene Drives: The Engineering of Anthropocene Organisms
	27.1 Synthetic Animal Futures
	27.2 Speculations About de-Extinction
	27.3 Speculations About Gene Drives
	27.4 The Problem with Promising Big
	27.5 Reductionism and Thinking Relationally
	27.6 Genomes and Non-human Agencies
	27.7 Speculative Biotechnology and Anthropocene Organisms
	References
28 Does Justice Require De-extinction of the Heath Hen?
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 De-Extinction Techniques
	28.3 Can Restitutive Justice Be Extended to Wild Animals?
	28.4 Special Challenges Posed by Historical Injustices
	28.5 De-Extinction, Reparations, and the Heath Hen
	28.6 Conclusion
	References
29 The Welfarist Account of Disenhancement as Applied to Nonhuman Animals
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 The “Opposite of Enhancement”
	29.3 Normal Species Functioning and Fitness Are Irrelevant for Animals Under Human Supervision
	29.4 Elaborating the Welfarist Conception of Disenhancement and Responding to Objections
	29.5 Agency and Disenhancement
	29.6 Conclusion: Why a Welfarist Account?
	References
30 How to Save Cultured Meat from Ecomodernism? Selective Attention and the Art of Dealing with Ambivalence
	30.1 Intro: Wizards and Prophets
	30.2 Selective Attention
	30.3 How Daily Life Blinds Us in Different Ways
	30.4 Dualisms as Paralyzing Attention Tools
	30.5 Cultured Meat and the Pig in the Backyard
	References
31 Comment: Evolution 2.0—Rewriting the Biosphere
	31.1 Gene Editing, Gene Drives and De-extinction
	31.2 Resurrecting the Heath Hen
	31.3 Cultured Meat
	31.4 Enhancement, Disenhancement and Animal Welfare
	References
Index