Animal Waste Utilization - Effective Use of Manure as a Soil Resource

Animal Waste Utilization: Effective Use of Manure as a Soil Resource......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 5
About the Editors......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
I. Introduction......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 0
II. Methods......Page 11
B. Four Popular Beliefs About Manure Management......Page 14
1. Farmers Recognize the Value of Manure and Credit Accordingly......Page 16
2. Manure Crediting Is Uneconomical......Page 17
3. Storage Structures Improve Manure Management......Page 18
4. Farmers with Daily Haul Systems Are More Likely to “Dump” Manure on the Field Closest to the Barn......Page 25
1. The Quality and Quantity of Research on Manure as a Source of Plant Nutrition Is Limited and Biased......Page 27
2. The Transaction Costs for Obtaining Information and Assistance on Manure Management May Be High......Page 29
4. Prevailing Models of Livestock and Dairy Production Systems Treat It as a Waste at Best, or Ignore it as an Externality at Worst......Page 30
2. Many Box Spreaders Do Not Have Weight Calibration Needed for Accurate Crediting......Page 31
2. Manures Are Viewed and Treated as “Insurance” by Dealers in Event of Ideal Conditions Needed for a “Bumper” Crop......Page 32
1. The Cost and Design of “Approved” Manure Storage and Handling Systems Are Biased Toward Larger Farms Due to Investment Capabilities (i.e., Not Scale Neutral)......Page 33
1. It Is Difficult to Communicate Problems from Overapplication......Page 34
4. The Vocabulary of Manure Management is Biased Toward Mismanagement by Calling These On-Farm Nutrient Sources a “Waste”......Page 35
3. Bottom Lands in a Dissected Topography Often Receive the Most Manure While Being in Continuous Corn Due to Fewer Options on Where Corn Can Be Produced......Page 36
V. Conclusions......Page 37
References......Page 40
II. Fundamental Economic Forces at the Consumer and Producer Levels......Page 41
III. Financial Evaluation at the Firm Level......Page 43
IV. Society’s Concern: Is Nonpoint Source Pollution Excessive?......Page 48
V. What Can Be Done About Nonpoint Source Pollution?......Page 51
VII. Research Issues......Page 53
References......Page 54
I. Introduction......Page 57
A. Nitrogen......Page 58
C. Sodium......Page 59
D. Potassium and Trace Minerals......Page 60
E. Copper......Page 61
G. Chromium......Page 62
III. Manure Volume......Page 63
IV. Production Systems......Page 64
V. Dead Animal Disposal......Page 66
References......Page 67
Managing Nutrients in Manure: General Principles and Applications to Dairy Manure in New York......Page 72
B. The Management of Manure Is Important to Crop Production, Environmental Quality, and Maintenance of Soil Productivity......Page 73
C. Evaluation of Ability of Crop to Utilize Manure N......Page 74
D. Manure as a Source of N......Page 77
E. Ammoniacal N......Page 78
F. Organic N......Page 80
G. Environmental Consequences: Water Quality......Page 82
H. Atmospheric Chemistry and Soil Acidification......Page 83
III. Future Research Needs......Page 85
B. Modest Environmental Constraints......Page 86
D. Odor Control Is Essential......Page 87
A. Continuing of Present Trends......Page 88
C. Ration Modification......Page 89
V. Summary......Page 90
References......Page 91
A. Poultry Manure Production in the U.S.......Page 96
B. Current Poultry Manure Management Practices......Page 99
A. Salinity Damage to Crops......Page 100
D. Ammonia Volatilization......Page 101
2. Impact of Ammonia Volatilization on Poultry Production......Page 102
a. Ammonia Volatilization from Chemically-Treated Litter......Page 103
b. Effects of Chemical Amendments on Litter Nitrogen Contents and Crop Yields......Page 105
c. Effects of Aluminum Sulfate on Broiler Production......Page 107
1. Nitrate Leaching......Page 109
B. Surface Runoff of Pollutants......Page 110
1. Bacteria and Virus Runoff......Page 111
3. Metal Runoff......Page 112
5. Phosphorus Runoff......Page 113
a. Best Management Practices to Reduce P Runoff......Page 114
c. Phosphorus-Based Manure Management Strategies......Page 115
d. Upper Limit for Soil Test Phosphorus......Page 116
f. Phytase Addition to Feed......Page 118
g. Soil Amendments......Page 119
a. Atmospheric Nitrogen Loading to Lakes and Rivers......Page 122
IV. Summary......Page 123
References......Page 124
I. Introduction......Page 131
A. Water Quality Management......Page 133
B. Runoff Collection......Page 136
C. Seepage Control......Page 137
D. Managing Settled Solids in Holding Ponds......Page 138
E. Land Application of Feedlot Runoff......Page 140
III. Land Application of Manure......Page 142
A. Feedlot Dust......Page 147
V. Manure Collection......Page 149
B. Composting Manure......Page 151
VII. Managing the Feedlot Surface......Page 152
References......Page 153
I. Introduction......Page 162
A. Land Resources......Page 163
III. Grazing Lands and Water Quality......Page 165
B. Manure Production......Page 168
C. Nutrient Distribution......Page 170
V. Challenges for Future Research......Page 172
References......Page 173
I. Introduction......Page 177
A. Nitrogen Budgets......Page 183
1. Highly Instrumented Confined Micro-plots......Page 184
2. Large Long-term Field Plots......Page 186
B. Phosphorus Movement......Page 190
A. Fate of Phosphorus in Soil......Page 192
B. Manure Management......Page 195
1. Remedial Measures for Manure Nitrogen When Nitrogen is Deficient......Page 201
b. Native N Availability......Page 204
c. Supplemental N Needed......Page 207
e. Management (Rate, Placement, Timing) of N Source......Page 208
2. Remedial Measures for Manure Nitrogen When Nitrogen Is Sufficient......Page 210
a. Management of Water Movement......Page 211
b. Management of the Soil Nitrate-N Pool......Page 213
B. Manure Management......Page 214
1. Manure Analysis......Page 215
3. Spatial Variability......Page 216
4. Manure Amendments......Page 217
5. Manure Transportation......Page 218
6. Manure Handling......Page 219
7. Extension and Education......Page 220
C. Watershed Management......Page 221
1. Realistic Water Quality Criteria......Page 222
2. Targeting Remedial Strategies......Page 224
D. What Can We Learn from Europe?......Page 231
V. Conclusions......Page 234
References......Page 235
I. Introduction......Page 247
II. Physical Treatment......Page 248
A. Solid-Liquid Separation......Page 249
B. Drying......Page 256
C. Incineration......Page 258
D. Pyrolysis......Page 259
III. Biological Treatment......Page 260
2. Anaerobic Digesters......Page 264
3. Septic Tanks......Page 266
1. Oxidation Ponds......Page 269
2. Mechanically Aerated Lagoons......Page 270
1. Conventional Composting Methods......Page 273
2. Thermophilic Aerobic Treatment......Page 276
3. Vermicomposting......Page 277
B. Manure Additives for Odor Control......Page 278
V. Treating Wastes and By-Products for Feed......Page 280
VI. Summary and Discussion......Page 281
VII. Research Needs......Page 282
References......Page 283
I. Introduction......Page 287
II. Principles of Systems Research......Page 289
A. Swine Manure......Page 291
C. Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure......Page 292
IV. Critical Issues Facing Animal Manure Systems......Page 293
A. Problem Situation......Page 296
B. Systems Engineering Planning Approach......Page 298
C. Current Research Program......Page 300
A. Problem Situation......Page 304
1. Nutrient Losses from Manure......Page 305
2. Nutrient Use by Cropping Systems......Page 306
3. Forage Use and Nutrient Retention by Stacker Cattle......Page 307
4. Nutrient Retention and Loss from Feedlot Cattle......Page 308
B. Systems Engineering Design......Page 309
1. System Operation......Page 312
VII. Summary and Conclusions......Page 314
References......Page 315