Animal Communication Networks

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Animal Communication Networks......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 17
About communication networks......Page 18
A note on definitions......Page 19
Organization......Page 20
References......Page 21
Part I - BEHAVIOURS SPECIFIC TO COMMUNICATION NETWORKS......Page 23
Eavesdropping......Page 25
Bystanders......Page 26
Future directions......Page 27
References......Page 28
Defining eavesdropping......Page 29
Interceptive eavesdropping......Page 31
Interspecific examples......Page 32
Intraspecific examples......Page 33
Social eavesdropping......Page 34
Acoustic interactions in songbirds......Page 35
Visual interactions in fish......Page 40
Other evidence for social eavesdropping......Page 43
Identifying types of eavesdropping......Page 44
Information gathering and implications of eavesdropping......Page 45
Costs of eavesdropping......Page 47
Summary and future possibilities......Page 48
References......Page 49
Introduction......Page 54
Potential gains and costs of eavesdropping......Page 55
Predictions on how best to eavesdrop......Page 58
Do eavesdroppers fit the predictions?......Page 63
Public signalling: facilitating eavesdropping......Page 64
Predictions for public signalling......Page 65
Do interactants use public signals to facilitate eavesdropping?......Page 67
Predictions for private signalling......Page 68
Do interactants use private signals to counter eavesdropping?......Page 69
Do animals make themselves anonymous in eavesdropping contexts?......Page 72
Summary......Page 73
References......Page 74
Introduction......Page 79
Evolutionary audiences......Page 80
Why audience?......Page 81
Other uses of audience and audience effect in the literature......Page 82
Audience effects......Page 83
Siamese fighting fish......Page 84
Vervet monkeys......Page 88
Budgerigars......Page 89
Human behaviour......Page 90
Priming: a mechanism of audience effects or a functional alternative?......Page 91
Summary and future directions......Page 94
References......Page 96
Introduction......Page 100
Social eavesdropping and contest behaviour......Page 101
Basic paradigm......Page 102
Eavesdropping on fights: confronting winners and losers......Page 104
Eavesdropping on fights: observing solitary individuals......Page 107
Eavesdropping on fights: confronting naive conspecifics......Page 109
Eavesdropping in aggressive contexts: influence of individual differences......Page 110
Eavesdropping in aggressive contexts: environmental influences......Page 111
A piece of the hierarchical puzzle?......Page 113
Social eavesdropping and female mate choice......Page 115
Cast of characters......Page 116
Basic paradigm......Page 117
Female mate copying: does it occur?......Page 118
Socially modulated versus intrinsic preferences......Page 119
Mate copying: a theoretical perspective......Page 121
Eavesdropping and mate choice: influence of individual differences......Page 122
Summary......Page 123
References......Page 124
Introduction......Page 130
Waterfowl......Page 131
Other bird groups......Page 132
Arthropods to humans......Page 133
Distinctive design features of victory displays......Page 135
Functions of victory displays......Page 136
Summary......Page 139
References......Page 140
Part II - THE EFFECTS OF PARTICULAR CONTEXTS......Page 143
Mate choice......Page 145
Redirection of aggression......Page 146
Future directions......Page 147
References......Page 148
Introduction......Page 149
How do females assess males?......Page 151
What are females looking for?......Page 153
Evidence for female assessment of network information......Page 157
Implications for networks of environmental alteration......Page 159
Summary and future directions......Page 160
References......Page 162
Introduction......Page 168
Predation and antipredator defences in rainforest katydids......Page 169
Predation pressure and roost site selection......Page 170
The costs of nocturnal communication: masking interference......Page 173
Variation in ambient light and noise levels, and the use of a conditional communication strategy......Page 178
References......Page 182
Introduction......Page 186
Theoretical work......Page 187
Empirical work......Page 188
Summary......Page 189
Physical competition versus signalling......Page 190
Signalling interactions versus just signalling......Page 191
Functional relationships among nestlings and network structure......Page 192
Genetic relatedness......Page 193
Heat transfer......Page 194
Summary......Page 195
Design to catch receiver attention......Page 196
Locatable signals......Page 197
Multiple components......Page 198
Comparison among signals......Page 199
Error reduction......Page 200
Summary and future directions......Page 201
References......Page 202
Introduction......Page 207
The macaque system......Page 210
Characteristic post-conflict aggressive phenomena......Page 211
A consequence of loser effects and eavesdropping?......Page 213
Redirection influences the behaviour of bystanders......Page 216
An honest indicator of postconflict condition and motivation?......Page 217
Ensuring others notice the event......Page 218
Kinoriented redirection: a special case?......Page 219
Intraspecific redirection in other taxa......Page 220
Reports of intraspecific redirection......Page 224
Testing the occurrence and function of redirection......Page 225
Summary......Page 226
References......Page 227
Introduction......Page 235
Scent marking among house mice......Page 236
Advertising territory ownership and competitive ability......Page 239
Spatial and temporal distribution of scent......Page 240
Assessment by females......Page 241
Assessment by males......Page 243
Deposition patterns and scent age......Page 244
Advertising subordinate status......Page 245
Female reproductive priming......Page 247
Individual scent signatures......Page 248
Kin and group member recongnition......Page 250
Scent marking as broadcast signals......Page 251
References......Page 253
Part III - COMMUNICATION NETWORKS IN DIFFERENT TAXA......Page 261
Fiddler crabs......Page 263
Songbirds......Page 264
Humans......Page 265
Future directions......Page 266
Introduction......Page 268
The biology of fiddler crabs......Page 269
Interindividual spacing......Page 274
Detection distance of conspecifics......Page 275
Implications of network signalling for fiddler crab communication......Page 278
Signal timing......Page 279
Reception of signals by fiddler crabs in a network: strategies for information gathering......Page 282
Wandering females: the target receivers......Page 283
Wandering males......Page 284
Neighbouring males......Page 285
Summary and future directions......Page 287
References......Page 288
Introduction......Page 293
Patterns of male–male vocal competition......Page 294
Signals used during aggressive interactions......Page 295
Fine-scale patterns of signal timing......Page 296
Adaptive significance of call timing......Page 299
Energetics of calling......Page 300
Mechanisms of female preferences......Page 301
Comparing female choice in two-choice trials and in natural choruses......Page 303
Eavesdropping by males......Page 305
Summary and future directions......Page 307
References......Page 309
Introduction......Page 316
Nature of interactions......Page 318
Song matching......Page 319
Timing of songs......Page 321
Vocal interactions and social relationships among singers......Page 323
Functions of vocal interactions in territorial defence against intruders......Page 326
Functions of vocal interactions among neighbouring males......Page 327
Vocal interactions and territorial settlement......Page 328
Vocal interactions in communication networks......Page 329
Summary and future directions......Page 330
References......Page 331
Introduction......Page 336
Communication network structures at dawn chorus......Page 338
Searching for interactions at dawn......Page 340
Banded wren song behaviour......Page 341
Recording methods and subjects......Page 343
Bout structure......Page 345
Song rates......Page 347
Song matching......Page 348
Overlapping......Page 351
Overall patterns of banded wren singing at dawn chorus......Page 352
Comparing song patterns with aggression......Page 353
The value of matching at dawn chorus......Page 354
Summary......Page 355
References......Page 356
Introduction......Page 360
Scent marking in golden hamsters......Page 362
Specialized mechanisms for evaluation of scent over-marks......Page 363
Specialized mechanisms for production of over-marks......Page 373
Functions of over-marking and eavesdropping on over-marks......Page 374
Field tests of specific hypotheses about over-marking......Page 377
Audience effect on scent marking?......Page 378
Networks, cognition and individual recognition: speculations on species differences in underlying mechanisms......Page 379
Summary and future directions......Page 382
References......Page 383
Introduction......Page 388
Availability of information in a simple territorial system......Page 390
Availability of information in mammals with fluid social systems......Page 393
Loud mating calls in deer......Page 394
Mammal anti-predator calls......Page 396
Encoding of information on individuality and size......Page 397
Acquiring and storing information on vocal characteristics......Page 399
Summary and back to definitions......Page 400
References......Page 401
Introduction......Page 406
Size and characteristics of marine mammal communication networks at sea......Page 407
Marine mammal sound propagation in the sea......Page 408
The number of animals in a communication network......Page 413
Directing and restricting signals......Page 415
Eavesdropping......Page 419
Conservation implications......Page 422
Summary and future directions......Page 423
References......Page 425
Introduction......Page 432
Animal vigilance......Page 433
Human vigilance......Page 436
Social control......Page 438
Watching humans......Page 439
Ethological studies of human vigilance......Page 440
Eavesdropping in animals......Page 441
Eavesdropping in humans......Page 442
Honest signals......Page 445
Intimate experience......Page 446
Looking at and for: a functional comparison......Page 448
Toward a unified model......Page 449
References......Page 451
Part IV - INTERFACES WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES......Page 459
Perception......Page 461
Semiochemicals......Page 462
Mathematical models......Page 463
Applied aspects......Page 464
Future directions......Page 465
Introduction......Page 467
Spectral aspects of masking and signal detection......Page 468
Separating sounds by exploiting temporal patterns......Page 475
Spatial release from masking......Page 478
Recognition of signals......Page 479
The sender’s adaptations for maximizing signal transmission......Page 480
Perceiving the direction of a sound source......Page 481
Perceiving the distance of a sound source......Page 483
SINDSCAL: an analysis method for perceptual distances......Page 485
Auditory scene analysis......Page 487
Summary......Page 490
References......Page 491
Introduction......Page 497
Hormones and communication I: the dyadic view......Page 498
Androgens and the production of acoustic signals......Page 499
Androgens and pheromone production and/or release......Page 501
Androgens and visual displays......Page 502
Hormonal effects on signal reception......Page 504
Hormonal modulation of motivational and memory mechanisms......Page 506
Hormones and somatic releasers......Page 507
Social modulation of androgen levels......Page 508
Hormones and communication II: the network view......Page 510
Winner–loser effects......Page 512
Bystander effects......Page 515
Dear enemy effects......Page 517
The adaptive value of social modulation of hormones:a cost–benefit analysis of androgen levels......Page 518
Potential benefits of high androgen levels......Page 519
Parental care trade-off with androgens......Page 520
Summary and future directions......Page 521
References......Page 522
Introduction......Page 537
Interactions between cleaner fish and clients......Page 541
Why should clients attribute an image score to cleaners?......Page 542
Do clients attribute image scores to cleaners?......Page 543
Response of ‘normal’ cleaner fish to image-scoring clients......Page 545
Response of biting cleaners to image scoring clients......Page 547
Discussion......Page 548
Cognitive aspects......Page 550
Acknowledgements......Page 552
References......Page 553
Introduction......Page 556
Definition of terminology......Page 557
Transfer of chemical information......Page 559
Assessment of predation risk......Page 560
Chemicals correlated with predation......Page 561
Ostariophysan alarm substance cells......Page 562
Evolutionary opportunities for communication networking......Page 564
Goldfish......Page 565
Larval pheromone attracting migratory adults......Page 571
Sex pheromones......Page 573
Synthesis......Page 574
References......Page 578
Introduction......Page 584
Transitive inference......Page 586
Songbirds and transitive inference......Page 590
Discussion......Page 592
Summary......Page 594
References......Page 595
Introduction......Page 599
Knowledge about other animals' kin......Page 601
Knowledge about other animals' dominance ranks......Page 604
Knowledge about more transient social relationships......Page 606
Eavesdropping by other mammals......Page 607
Possible differences between primates and other animals......Page 608
Hypothesis 1: primates have greater social intelligence than other species......Page 609
Hypothesis 2: differences in 'social intelligence' are related to group size and complexity......Page 611
Hypothesis 3: there are few differences in 'social intelligence' across species......Page 612
References......Page 614
Introduction......Page 620
Network structure in existing models......Page 621
Small-world network analysis......Page 623
Models of communication network dynamics from signallers' perspectives......Page 624
Signal dynamics in acoustic choruses......Page 625
Swarm intelligence and self-organization in social insects......Page 627
Territory establishment......Page 628
Models of communication networks from receivers' perspectives......Page 629
Game theory and eavesdropping......Page 630
Network effects on the formation of linear dominance hierarchies......Page 636
Summary......Page 637
Summary......Page 638
References......Page 639
Index......Page 644