Animal behavior: concepts, methods, and applications

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
  Concepts......Page 22
 NEW to This Edition......Page 23
  Changes by Chapter......Page 24
 Teaching and Learning Features......Page 25
 Support Package......Page 26
 Acknowledgments......Page 27
Half Title Page......Page 32
Chapter 1: The Science of Animal Behavior......Page 34
 1.1 Animals and their behavior are an integral part of human society......Page 35
  Measuring behavior: elephant ethograms......Page 36
  The importance of hypotheses......Page 38
  The scientific method......Page 39
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 1.1: Robin abundance and food availability......Page 40
  Negative results and directional hypotheses......Page 41
  Correlation and causality......Page 42
  Social sciences and the natural sciences......Page 43
 1.3 Scientists study both the proximate mechanisms that generate behavior and the ultimate reasons why the behavior evolved......Page 44
 1.4 Researchers have examined animal behavior from a variety of perspectives over time......Page 45
  Early comparative psychology......Page 46
  Behaviorism......Page 47
  Interdisciplinary approaches......Page 48
 1.5 Anthropomorphic explanations of behavior assign human emotions to animals and can be difficult to test......Page 49
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 1.2: What is behind the “guilty look” in dogs?......Page 50
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 51
Chapter 2: Methods for Studying Animal Behavior......Page 54
  Hypothesis testing in wolf spiders......Page 55
  Hypotheses from mathematical models......Page 57
  The observational method......Page 59
  The observational method and reproductive energetics of chimpanzees......Page 60
  The experimental method and jumping tadpoles......Page 62
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 2.1: Jumping tadpoles......Page 63
  The comparative method and the evolution of burrowing behavior in mice......Page 64
 2.3 Animal behavior research requires ethical animal use......Page 65
  Sources of ethical standards......Page 66
 2.4 Scientific knowledge is generated and communicated to the scientific community via peer-reviewed research......Page 67
  The secondary literature......Page 68
  TOOLBOX 2.2: Scientific literacy......Page 69
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 70
Chapter 3: Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior......Page 72
 3.1 Evolution by natural selection favors behavioral adaptations that enhance fitness......Page 73
  Great tit exploratory behavior......Page 74
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 3.1: Heritability of great tit exploratory behavior......Page 75
  Variation within a population......Page 76
  Frequency-dependent selection......Page 77
  Fitness and adaptation......Page 78
 3.2 Modes of natural selection describe population changes......Page 79
  Directional selection in juvenile ornate tree lizards......Page 80
  Disruptive selection in spadefoot toad tadpoles......Page 81
  Stabilizing selection in juvenile convict cichlids......Page 83
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 3.2: Stabilizing selection on territory size in cichlids......Page 84
 3.3 Individual and group selection have been used to explain cooperation......Page 85
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 3.1: Do lemmings commit suicide?......Page 86
  Sexual selection in widowbirds......Page 87
  TOOLBOX 3.1: Genetics primer......Page 89
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 90
Chapter 4: Behavioral Genetics......Page 92
 4.1 Behaviors vary in their heritability......Page 93
 4.2 Behavioral variation is associated with genetic variation......Page 95
  Behavioral differences between wild-type and mutant-type fruit flies......Page 96
  Fire ant genotype and social organization......Page 97
  Experimental manipulation of gene function: knockout studies......Page 98
  Anxiety-related behavior and knockout of a hormone receptor in mice......Page 99
  QTL mapping for aphid feeding behavior......Page 100
  Social environment and gene expression in fruit flies......Page 101
  Social environment and birdsong development......Page 102
  Social environment and gene expression in birds......Page 103
  Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression......Page 104
  Gene-environment interactions......Page 105
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 4.1: Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression......Page 106
  Rover and sitter foraging behavior in fruit flies......Page 107
  Bold and shy personalities in streamside salamanders......Page 109
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 4.2: Salamander personalities......Page 111
  Aggressive personalities in fishing spiders......Page 112
  Animal personalities: a model with fitness trade-offs......Page 113
  TOOLBOX 4.1: Molecular techniques......Page 115
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 116
Chapter 5: Sensory Systems and Behavior......Page 118
 5.1 Animals acquire environmental information from their sensory systems......Page 119
 5.2 Chemosensory systems detect chemicals that are perceived as tastes and odors......Page 120
  Sweet and umami taste perception in rodents......Page 121
  Cuttlefish physiological response to odors......Page 122
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 5.1: How do mosquitoes find their victims?......Page 123
  Color vision in monarch butterflies......Page 124
  Ultraviolet plumage reflectance in birds......Page 125
  Infrared detection in snakes......Page 126
 5.4 Mechanoreceptors detect vibrations that travel through air, water, or substrates......Page 127
  Ultrasonic song detection in moths......Page 128
  Long-distance communication in elephants......Page 129
  Catfish track the wake of their prey......Page 130
  Antlions detect substrate-borne vibrations......Page 132
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 5.1: Antlion mechanoreception......Page 133
  Electroreception......Page 134
  Magnetoreception......Page 135
  Insect tympanal organs: an evolved antipredator adaptation......Page 138
  Predator–prey sensory system co-evolution: bats and moths......Page 139
 Chapter Summary and Beyond......Page 141
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 142
Chapter 6: Communication......Page 144
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 6.1: Pheromones and pest control......Page 145
  Odor or the waggle dance in bees......Page 147
  Auditory signals: alarm calls......Page 148
  Titmouse alarm calls......Page 149
 6.2 The environment influences the evolution of signals......Page 150
  Temperature affects ant chemical signals......Page 151
  Habitat light environment affects fish visual signals......Page 152
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 6.2: Urban sounds affect signal production......Page 154
 6.3 Signals often accurately indicate signaler phenotype and environmental conditions......Page 155
  Signals as accurate indicators: theory......Page 156
  Aposematic coloration in frogs......Page 157
  Courtship signaling in spiders......Page 158
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 6.1: Signaling in male wolf spiders......Page 159
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 6.2: Fighting fish opercular display......Page 160
 6.4 Signals can be inaccurate indicators when the fitness interests of signaler and receiver differ......Page 161
  Batesian mimicry and Ensatina salamanders......Page 162
  Aggressive mimicry in fangblenny fish......Page 163
  Topi antelope false alarm calls......Page 165
  Capuchin monkeys and inaccurate signals......Page 166
 6.5 Communication can involve extended phenotype signals......Page 168
  Sticklebacks decorate their nests......Page 169
 6.6 Communication networks affect signaler and receiver behavior......Page 170
  Squirrel eavesdropping......Page 171
  Eavesdropping in túngara frogs......Page 172
  Audience effects in fighting fish......Page 173
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 175
Chapter 7: Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition......Page 178
  Evolution of learning......Page 179
  Green frog habituation to intruder vocalizations......Page 180
  Neurotransmitters and learning in chicks......Page 182
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 7.1: Operation Migration and imprinting......Page 183
  Dendritic spines and learning in mice......Page 184
  Avian memory of stored food......Page 185
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 7.1: Brain structure and food hoarding......Page 187
  Pavlovian conditioning for mating opportunities in Japanese quail......Page 188
  Fish learn novel predators......Page 189
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 7.2: Fish learn predators......Page 190
  Operant conditioning......Page 191
  Learning curves in macaques......Page 192
  Trial-and-error learning in bees......Page 193
  Learned antipredator behaviors in prairie dogs......Page 194
  Learning about food patches......Page 195
  Social information use in sticklebacks......Page 196
  Ptarmigan hens teach chicks their diet......Page 198
  Tandem running in ants......Page 199
 7.5 Social learning can lead to the development of animal traditions and culture......Page 200
  Behavioral tradition in wrasse......Page 201
  Tool use in capuchin monkeys......Page 202
  Problem solving and insight learning......Page 203
  Insight learning in keas......Page 204
  Numerical competency in New Zealand robins......Page 205
  Brain size and cognition in guppies......Page 207
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 209
Chapter 8: Foraging Behavior......Page 212
  Bees use multiple senses to enhance foraging efficiency......Page 213
  Gray mouse lemurs use multiple senses to find food......Page 215
 8.2 Visual predators find cryptic prey more effectively by learning a search image......Page 216
  Blue jays use a search image to find prey......Page 217
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 8.2: Cryptic prey reduces predator efficiency......Page 218
 8.3 The optimal diet model predicts the food types an animal should include in its diet......Page 219
  A graphical solution......Page 220
  Diet choice in northwestern crows......Page 223
  Ant foraging: the effect of nutrients......Page 224
  The optimal patch-use model......Page 225
  Patch use by ruddy ducks......Page 227
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 8.1: Human patch-leaving decisions......Page 228
  Fruit bat foraging on heterogeneous patches......Page 229
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 8.3: Patch use by fruit bats......Page 230
  Kangaroo rat foraging with variable predation costs......Page 231
  Incomplete information and food patch estimation......Page 232
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 8.2: GUDs and conservation......Page 233
  Bayesian foraging bumblebees......Page 234
 8.5 Some animals obtain food from the discoveries of others......Page 236
  Spice finch producer-scrounger game......Page 237
  TOOLBOX 8.1: Mathematical solution to the optimal diet model......Page 240
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 241
Chapter 9: Antipredator Behavior......Page 244
  Predator avoidance by cryptic coloration in crabs......Page 245
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 9.1: Human fear of predators......Page 247
  Prey take evasive or aggressive action when detected......Page 249
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 9.2: Mitigating crop damage by manipulating predation risk......Page 250
  Startle display in butterflies......Page 251
  Increased vigilance decreases feeding time......Page 252
  Vigilance and predation risk in elk......Page 253
  Rich but risky......Page 254
  Environmental conditions and predation risk in foraging redshanks......Page 255
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 9.1: Feeding trade-off in redshanks......Page 256
  Predation risk and patch quality in ants......Page 257
  Mating near predators in water striders......Page 258
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 9.2: Mating behavior trade-off in water striders......Page 259
  Mating and refuge use in fiddler crabs......Page 260
  The dilution effect and killifish......Page 261
  Group size effect and the selfish herd hypothesis in doves......Page 262
  Predator harassment in ground squirrels......Page 264
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 9.3: Predator harassment by California ground squirrels......Page 265
  Mobbing owl predators......Page 266
  Pursuit deterrence and alarm signal hypotheses......Page 267
  Tail-flagging behavior in deer......Page 268
 Chapter Summary and Beyond......Page 269
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 270
Chapter 10: Dispersal and Migration......Page 272
  Density-dependent dispersal in adult springtails......Page 273
  Food-related natal dispersal in northern goshawks......Page 274
  Inbreeding avoidance in voles......Page 276
  Reproductive success and breeding dispersal in dragonflies......Page 277
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 10.1: Breeding dispersal in dragonflies......Page 278
  Public information and breeding dispersal in kittiwakes......Page 279
 10.3 Individuals migrate in response to changes in the environment......Page 281
  Migration and changing resources......Page 282
  Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds......Page 283
  Heritability of migration behavior in Eurasian blackcaps......Page 284
  The evolution of migration: a model......Page 285
  Competition and migratory behavior of newts......Page 286
  Alternative migratory behaviors in dippers: test of hypotheses......Page 288
 10.4 Environmental cues and compass systems are used for orientation when migrating......Page 289
  Antennae and the sun compass system in monarchs......Page 290
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 10.2: The role of the antennae in the monarch butterfly sun compass......Page 293
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 10.2: Citizen scientists track fall migration flyways of monarch butterflies......Page 294
  Multimodal orientation......Page 295
 10.5 Bicoordinate navigation allows individuals to identify their location relative to a goal......Page 296
  Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles......Page 297
  Bicoordinate navigation in birds......Page 298
  Homing migration in salmon......Page 299
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 10.3: Human magnetic orientation......Page 300
  TOOLBOX 10.1: Emlen funnels......Page 301
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 302
Chapter 11: Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression......Page 304
  The ideal free distribution model......Page 305
  The ideal free distribution model and guppies......Page 306
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 11.1: Ideal free guppies......Page 307
  The ideal free distribution model and pike......Page 308
  Cuckoos assess habitat quality......Page 309
  Conspecific attraction......Page 310
  Conspecific attraction and Allee effects in grasshoppers......Page 311
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 11.2: Conspecific attraction in grasshoppers......Page 312
  Conspecific cueing in American redstarts......Page 313
  Body condition affects territoriality in damselflies......Page 314
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 11.1: Conspecific attraction and conservation......Page 315
  Environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish......Page 316
 11.3 Hormones influence aggression......Page 317
  Challenge hypothesis and bystanders in fish......Page 319
  Juvenile hormone and wasp aggression......Page 320
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 11.2: Human aggression, testosterone, and sports......Page 321
  The hawk-dove model......Page 323
  Wrestling behavior in red-spotted newts......Page 324
  Game theory assessment models......Page 325
  Fiddler crab contests over burrows......Page 327
  TOOLBOX 11.1: The hawk-dove model......Page 328
 Chapter Summary and Beyond......Page 329
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 330
Chapter 12: Mating Behavior......Page 332
 12.1 Sexual selection favors characteristics that enhance reproductive success......Page 333
  Why two sexes?......Page 334
  Bateman’s hypothesis and parental investment......Page 335
  Ornaments and mate choice in peafowl......Page 336
  Male mate choice in pipefish......Page 338
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 12.1: Male mate choice in pipefish......Page 339
  The origin of sexually selected traits: the sensory bias hypothesis in guppies......Page 340
 12.2 Females select males to obtain direct material benefits......Page 341
  Female choice and nuptial gifts in fireflies......Page 342
  Female choice and territory quality in lizards......Page 343
  Fisherian runaway and good genes......Page 344
  Mate choice for good genes in tree frogs......Page 346
  Good genes and immune system function in birds......Page 347
  Mate choice fitness benefits in spiders......Page 348
  Mate guarding in warblers......Page 350
  Cryptic female choice......Page 352
  Inbreeding avoidance via cryptic female choice in spiders......Page 353
 12.5 Mate choice by females favors alternative reproductive tactics in males......Page 354
  Conditional satellite males in tree frogs......Page 355
  ESS and sunfish sneaker males......Page 356
  Mate copying in guppies......Page 358
  The benefit of mate copying......Page 359
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 12.2: Mate copying in fruit flies......Page 360
  Nonindependent mate choice by male mosquitofish......Page 361
 Chapter Summary and Beyond......Page 363
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 364
Chapter 13: Mating Systems......Page 366
  The evolution of mating systems......Page 367
  Mating systems in reed warblers......Page 370
  California mouse monogamy......Page 372
  Monogamy and biparental care in poison frogs......Page 373
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 13.1: Biparental care and monogamy in poison frogs......Page 374
  Monogamy without biparental care: snapping shrimp......Page 375
  Female defense polygyny in horses......Page 377
  Resource defense polygyny in blackbirds......Page 378
  Resource defense polygyny in carrion beetles......Page 379
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 13.1: Mating systems and conservation translocation programs......Page 380
  Male dominance polygyny: the evolution of leks—hotspots or hotshots?......Page 381
  Lekking behavior in the great snipe......Page 382
  Peafowl leks......Page 383
  Polyandry and sex-role reversal......Page 384
 13.4 The presence of social associations distinguishes polygynandry from promiscuity......Page 385
  Polygynandry in European badgers......Page 386
  Promiscuity and scramble competition: seaweed flies and red squirrels......Page 387
 13.5 Social and genetic mating systems differ when extra-pair mating occurs......Page 388
  Extra-pair mating in juncos......Page 389
  Marmot extra-pair mating......Page 390
  TOOLBOX 13.1: DNA fingerprinting......Page 391
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 392
Chapter 14: Parental Care......Page 394
 14.1 Parental care varies among species and reflects life history trade-offs......Page 395
  Life history variation in fish......Page 396
  Female-biased parental care......Page 397
  Paternity uncertainty and parental care in boobies......Page 398
  Paternity uncertainty and male-only care in sunfish......Page 399
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 14.1: Paternity certainty and parental care in bluegill sunfish......Page 400
  Paternity assurance and male care in water bugs......Page 401
  Parent-offspring conflict theory......Page 402
  Predation risk and parental care in golden egg bugs......Page 403
  Egg guarding and opportunity costs of parental care in frogs......Page 404
  Current versus future reproduction in treehoppers......Page 405
  Incubation of eider eggs as a trade-off......Page 407
  Brood reduction and parent-offspring conflict......Page 408
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 14.2: Smallmouth bass defend their nests from exotic predators......Page 409
  Brood reduction in fur seals......Page 410
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 14.3: Brood reduction in blackbirds......Page 411
 14.4 Brood parasitism reduces the cost of parental care and can result in a co-evolutionary arms race......Page 413
  Interspecific brood parasitism and co-evolution......Page 414
  Acceptance or rejection of brown-headed cowbird eggs by hosts......Page 415
  Prolactin and maternal care in rats......Page 416
  Prolactin and incubation in penguins......Page 418
  Juvenile hormones and parental care in earwigs......Page 419
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 420
Chapter 15: Sociality......Page 422
  Foraging benefits: reduced search times for food in minnows......Page 423
  Antipredator benefits: vigilance in mixed-species flocks......Page 424
  Movement benefits: efficient aerodynamics in flight......Page 425
  The costs of sociality......Page 426
  Group size and food competition in red colobus and red-tailed guenons......Page 427
  Sociality and disease transmission in guppies......Page 428
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 15.1: Group size of social species in captivity......Page 429
  Dominance hierarchies and crayfish......Page 430
  Stable dominance hierarchies in baboons......Page 431
 15.3 Kin selection favors cooperation among relatives......Page 432
  Belding’s ground squirrel alarm calls......Page 433
  Altruism in turkeys......Page 434
  Kin discrimination......Page 436
  Kin discrimination via indirect familiarization in cockroaches......Page 437
 15.4 Kinship and ecological constraints favor cooperative reproduction......Page 438
  Cooperative breeding in meerkats......Page 439
  Helpers at the nest: cooperative reproduction in long-tailed tits......Page 440
  Habitat saturation: helping behavior in Seychelles warblers......Page 441
  Social queuing in clownfish......Page 442
  Eusocial insects: the evolution of sterile castes......Page 443
  Kin selection and the ecological constraint hypothesis......Page 444
  Division of labor hypothesis in ant castes......Page 445
 15.5 Cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals involves byproduct mutualisms or reciprocity......Page 446
  Food sharing in vampire bats......Page 447
  Allogrooming in Japanese macaques......Page 449
  Tit-for-tat in red-winged blackbirds......Page 450
  Reputations and cleaner fish......Page 451
  Chimpanzee image scores......Page 452
  SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 15.1: Chimpanzee image scoring......Page 453
  APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 15.2: Human altruism and reputations......Page 454
 CHAPTER QUESTIONS......Page 455
Glossary......Page 456
Bibliography......Page 464
Answers to Selected Questions......Page 498
Answers to Scientific Process Box “Evaluate” Questions......Page 502
Credits......Page 504
Index......Page 506