Aneurysms of the Popliteal Artery

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: History
	1: A Surgeon’s Journey Through History Up to the End of the Nineteenth Century
		1.1	 The Valsalva’s Method (Medical or Constitutional Treatment of Aneurysms)
		1.2	 Hot and Cold
		1.3	 Coagulants
		1.4	 Foreign Bodies (Acupuncture, Wiring, Etc.)
		1.5	 Thermic and Electric Energy
		1.6	 Needling
		1.7	 Manipulation
		1.8	 Ligature
		1.9	 Compression
		References
	2: Modern Historical Background
		2.1	 The Dawn of Reconstructive Arterial Surgery
		2.2	 The Changing Trends in the Treatment of Popliteal Aneurysms
		References
Part II: The Popliteal Artery: Embryology and Anatomy
	3: The Popliteal Artery: Embryology
		References
	4: The Popliteal Artery: Reminding Normal and Variant Anatomy
		4.1	 Variants of the Terminal Branching of the Popliteal Artery (Fig. 4.5)
		References
	5: Persistence of the Ischiadic Artery
		References
	6: Popliteal Artery Entrapment
		References
Part III: Popliteal Aneurysms: Pathology
	7: Surgical Pathology
		7.1	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
			7.1.1	 Atherosclerosis
			7.1.2	 Infection (Mycotic Aneurysm)
			7.1.3	 Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
			7.1.4	 Fibromuscular Dysplasia
			7.1.5	 Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome
			7.1.6	 Neurofibromatosis
			7.1.7	 Others
		7.2	 Surgical Pathology
			7.2.1	 Atherosclerosis
			7.2.2	 Mycotic Aneurysms
			7.2.3	 Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
			7.2.4	 Fibromuscular Dysplasia
			7.2.5	 Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome
			7.2.6	 Neurofibromatosis
		7.3	 Clinical-Pathologic Correlations
			7.3.1	 Atherosclerosis
			7.3.2	 Mycotic Aneurysm
		References
Part IV: Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms: Clinical Aspects
	8: Definition, Prevalence, and Etiopathogenesis
		8.1	 A Rare Disease?
		8.2	 Etiopathogenesis
		References
	9: The “Problem” of Arteriomegaly
		References
	10: Outline of Patients with Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysm
		10.1	 Demographics (Table 10.1)
		10.2	 Associated Diseases and Risk Factors
		10.3	 Concurrent Contralateral and Extrapopliteal Aneurysm
		References
	11: Clinical Presentation
		11.1	 Size and Morphology of the Aneurysm: Is There Any Relationship with Symptoms/Complications?
		11.2	 Others Patient’s Characteristics Possibly Linked to the Occurrence of Symptoms/Complications
		11.3	 Asymptomatic Aneurysms
		11.4	 Chronic Ischemia and Acute Ischemia
		11.5	 Involvement of Distal Circulation in Limbs with PAA
		11.6	 Thrombosis
		11.7	 Embolism
		11.8	 Vein Involvement
		11.9	 Nerve Involvement
		11.10	 Local Pain
		11.11	 Rupture
		11.12	 Infection
		References
Part V: Popliteal Aneurysms: Diagnosis
	12: Diagnostic Procedures
		12.1	 Primary Diagnosis
		12.2	 Imaging Techniques
			12.2.1	 Plain X-Ray
			12.2.2	 Xeroradiography
			12.2.3	 Arteriography
			12.2.4	 Ultrasonography
			12.2.5	 Computed Tomography (CT)
			12.2.6	 Magnetic Resonance
			12.2.7	 Differential Diagnosis
		References
Part VI: Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms: Surgical Treatment
	13: Operative Indication, Surgical Approach, and Tactics
		13.1	 Operative Indication
		13.2	 Surgical Approach and Tactics
		References
	14: Primary Amputation, Endoaneurysmorrhaphy, Lumbar Sympathectomy, and the Use of Tourniquet
		14.1	 Primary Amputation
		14.2	 Endoaneurysmorrhaphy (EA)
		14.3	 Lumbar Sympathectomy (LS)
		14.4	 Tourniquet
		References
	15: Treatment with Reestablishment of Circulation
		15.1	 Early Results
		15.2	 The Impact of Intraarterial Thrombolysis on the Outcome of Acutely Ischemic Limbs
		15.3	 Mid- and Long-Term Results
		15.4	 Factors That May Influence Late Results
			15.4.1	 Symptoms at Presentation
			15.4.2	 Quality of Popliteal Outflow
			15.4.3	 Graft Material
			15.4.4	 The Emergency Setting
			15.4.5	 The Need of Performing a Tibial Bypass
		15.5	 Arterial Autografts
		15.6	 Resection and End-to-End Anastomosis
		References
	16: Late Sequelae of Surgical Treatment
		16.1	 The Fate of the Excluded Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
		16.2	 Aneurysmal Degeneration of Autologous Vein Graft: A Peculiar Complication After Repair of Popliteal Artery Aneurysm?
		Appendix
			Sex and Popliteal Aneurysms
				Is Gender a Differentiating Factor in the Setting of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms?
		References
Part VII: Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms: Endovascular Treatment
	17: An Up-to-Date of Popliteal Artery Anatomy, Static and Dynamic
		References
	18: Homemade and Early Stent-Grafts
		18.1	 The Beginning
		18.2	 Home-Made Stent-Grafts
		18.3	 The Cragg Endopro System 1− Passager
		18.4	 The Wallgraft Endoprosthesis
		References
	19: The Hemobahn-Viabahn Stent-Grafts
		19.1	 A: Reports with at Least Ten Cases
			19.1.1	 The Gröningen Experience
			19.1.2	 The Italian Experience
			19.1.3	 The North American Experience
			19.1.4	 Reports from Other Countries
		19.2	 B: Single-Case Reports, Short-Series Reports, and Reports on Mixed Stent-Grafts
		19.3	 C: The Heparinized Viabahn Stent-Graft
		References
	20: Other Stent Grafts and Hybrid Procedures
		20.1	 Fluency (Bard, Murray Hill, NJ, USA)
		20.2	 Corvita (Corvita Co., Miami, FL, USA; Schneider-Boston Scientific, Bülach, Switzerland)
		20.3	 Limb of the Anaconda Aortic Stent Graft ­(Vascutek-Terumo, Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland, UK)
		20.4	 Limb of the Aneurx Aortic Stent Graft (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA)
		20.5	 Gore-Excluder (W.L. Gore & Ass., Flagstaff, AZ, USA)
		20.6	 Non-Covered Stents
		20.7	 Hybrid Procedures
		References
	21: The Current Role of Endografting
		21.1	 Review and Meta-analysis of the Results of Endografting Treatment of PAAs
		References
Part VIII: Non-atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms
	22: Behçet’s Disease
		References
	23: Kawasaki’s Disease
		References
	24: Neurofibromatosis
		References
	25: Fibromuscular Dysplasia
		References
	26: Disorders of the Connective Tissue
		26.1	 Marfan’s Syndrome
		26.2	 Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
		26.3	 Loeys–Dietz Syndrome
		References
	27: Klippel–Trénaunay Syndrome, Parkes Weber Syndrome
		References
	28: HIV/AIDS
		References
	29: Mycotic Aneurysms
		References
	30: Miscellaneous
		30.1	 Syphilitic Aneurysms
		30.2	 Idiopathic Popliteal Aneurysms in Children
		30.3	 Obscure Cases
		References