Ancient Egyptian Administration

Ancient Egyptian Administration......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Juan Carlos Moreno García: The Study of Ancient Egyptian Administration......Page 12
Sources......Page 30
Institutions......Page 34
Problems......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 48
Introductory Remarks......Page 52
Sources and Some Limitations......Page 54
Central Administration......Page 56
The Profile of the Top Administrators......Page 57
The Notion of Centralization......Page 58
Royal Residences and Administration......Page 61
The Nature and Components of the pr-ny-sw.t and the h̠nw......Page 64
Duality and Unity in Resource Administration......Page 68
Nature and Status of Granary Administration......Page 70
Origin and Development of Granaries......Page 72
Personnel and Administrators......Page 77
Definition and Origins of the Treasury......Page 81
Officials and Functionaries......Page 84
The Treasury’s Commodity Management Departments......Page 87
Pr-ḥry-wḏb......Page 88
Ἰs-ḏfȝ......Page 91
Conclusions......Page 93
Juan Carlos Moreno García: The Territorial Administration of the Kingdom in the 3rd Millennium......Page 96
The Third Dynasty: Local Powers and Central Control......Page 98
Monumental Architecture and Provincial Administration: The 4th Dynasty......Page 105
The 5th Dynasty......Page 118
The 6th Dynasty and Its Aftermath......Page 132
What We Know. The Central Administration and the Management of the Nomes: Overseers of Upper Egypt, Central Bureaux, and Networks of Ḥwt and Temples......Page 135
What We Infer. True ‘Provincial Viziers’ and ‘Governors’ or Just Simply Potentates?......Page 150
The End of the Old Kingdom: Crisis or Continuity?......Page 157
Introduction......Page 164
Administration during the First, Second, and Third Dynasties (2900–2544 B.C.)......Page 167
The Fourth Dynasty (2543–2436 B.C.)......Page 173
The Fifth Dynasty Down to the Reign of Nyuserra......Page 176
The Late Fifth and the Sixth Dynasties......Page 182
The Administration of the Construction Project......Page 188
The Funerary Cults in the Royal Complexes......Page 193
Acknowledgements......Page 206
Laure Pantalacci: Balat, a Frontier Town and Its Archive......Page 208
The Staff of the Governorate......Page 210
The Territory of Administration......Page 214
Transmission......Page 216
Storage......Page 217
Cross-checking......Page 218
Identification of Persons......Page 220
Institutions......Page 221
Individuals......Page 222
Account-keeping......Page 223
Wolfram Grajetzki: Setting a State Anew: The Central Administration from the End of the Old Kingdom to the End of the Middle Kingdom......Page 226
The End of the Old Kingdom to the Beginning of the Middle Kingdom......Page 228
Twelfth Dynasty......Page 232
The Late Middle Kingdom......Page 234
Nature of the Central Administration......Page 236
The Vizier and His Administration......Page 239
Overseer of the Enclosure, Overseer of Fields, the Scribal Offices and the Reporter......Page 244
The Palace in the Late Middle Kingdom......Page 248
The Palace as Economic Unit......Page 249
The High Steward and His Administration......Page 258
Practice of Sealing......Page 261
Craftsmen......Page 263
Other Palace Officials......Page 264
Military Sector......Page 265
Temple Administration......Page 269
Pascal Vernus: The Royal Command (wḏ-nsw): A Basic Deed of Executive Power......Page 270
Ideological Background......Page 273
Specific Hallmarks of the Royal Command......Page 276
Authoritative Force......Page 280
Exceptional Substitutes for King Entitled to Issuing Command......Page 283
Royal Command as a Result of a Previous Petition......Page 287
A King’s Personal Statement of a Royal Command......Page 288
Putting a Royal Command in Writing......Page 290
Typology of Αvailable Royal Commands......Page 291
Labeling the Document as a Royal Command......Page 292
The wḏ ȝwj Labeling......Page 293
Delineating the Royal Command Object......Page 296
The jn(-n.)tw n=k r dj.t rḫ=k ntt (/r-ḏd) Formulation......Page 300
Sealing......Page 301
Monumental Versions of Royal Command......Page 305
Monumental Public Versions: Explicit and Implicit......Page 306
Royal Commands Displayed on a Public Monument Especially Devoted to It......Page 307
Monumental Royal Command as an Element of a Larger Set......Page 311
Ritual Scene......Page 312
Eulogy as a Continuation of the Titulary......Page 313
Ceremonial Notation in the Annalistic Style......Page 315
Implementing the Königsnovelle Form into Monumental Versions......Page 317
Private Versions: Explicit and Implicit......Page 320
Topic Dealt within Royal Command......Page 326
Making an Official Responsible for a Particular Task......Page 327
Donation of Land......Page 329
Works in Nature......Page 330
Royal Command Pertaining to an Institution......Page 331
Establishing, Restoring or Increasing the Offering......Page 334
Protection of an Institution......Page 335
Protection Against Material Request......Page 336
Labor Requisition......Page 338
Pseudepigraphical and Apocryphal Versions of Royal Commands......Page 344
Literature......Page 346
Incorporation of Royal Command in Religion......Page 347
Addendum......Page 351
Introduction: The Local Basis......Page 352
Local Potentates: A Matter of Perspective......Page 363
Administrative Aspects......Page 371
Historical Aspects......Page 392
Anthony Spalinger: The Organisation of the Pharaonic Army (Old to New Kingdom)......Page 404
The New Kingdom......Page 405
The Middle Kingdom......Page 432
First Intermediate Period......Page 448
The Old Kingdom and Earlier......Page 471
Weapons, Armor, War Material......Page 482
Katalin Anna Kóthay: Categorisation, Classification, and Social Reality: Administrative Control and Interaction with the Population......Page 490
The King as Unique Office-Holder......Page 491
Normative Distinctions and Their Validity......Page 495
Boundaries in Knowledge, Space and Time......Page 514
Bureaucratic Categorisation Practices......Page 521
Introduction......Page 532
The Second Intermediate Period......Page 534
Canaanite 14th Dynasty and Hyksos 15th Dynasty......Page 541
The Evidence Problem......Page 542
Sources and Interpretation......Page 543
The Role of the Overseer of Sealed Things and His Department in the 14th and 15th Dynasties......Page 545
Viziers and King’s Sons......Page 547
Possible Influences on the Administrative Structure......Page 550
I. Egyptian......Page 551
II. Tell el-Dabʿa and Syria-Palestine......Page 552
Theban 16th and 17th Dynasties......Page 557
Sources and Interpretation......Page 558
I. Palace and Central Administration: Viziers, Overseers of Sealed Things (and King’s Sons)......Page 559
A. Viziers......Page 560
B. Overseer of Sealed Things......Page 563
C. King’s Sons......Page 564
Summation......Page 566
II. Provinces: Governors and Garrison Commanders......Page 567
Summation......Page 572
III. Religious Offices......Page 573
Summation......Page 575
IV. Military......Page 577
Summation......Page 580
The New Kingdom—18th Dynasty......Page 581
The “Structure” of 18th Dynasty Administration......Page 583
Early 18th Dynasty: Ahmose-Thutmose II......Page 587
Hatshepsut......Page 593
Thutmose III......Page 594
Amenhotep II......Page 597
Thutmose IV......Page 600
Amenhotep III......Page 603
Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten......Page 607
Post—Amarna Kings: Tutankhamun, Ay and Horemheb......Page 612
Tutankhamun......Page 613
Ay and Horemheb......Page 615
“Thebes Is the Pattern for Every City”......Page 618
Method and Sources......Page 621
“House” and Temple “Estate”......Page 624
Historical Outline......Page 628
Conclusion: The House of Amun and the State in New Kingdom Egypt......Page 646
Introduction......Page 650
Political Power of the Army......Page 653
Military Functions and Ranks in the “Navy”......Page 659
Naval Administration......Page 663
The Royal Guard......Page 669
Abuse of Military Authority......Page 676
Military Management, Work Forces and Army Logistics......Page 678
Military Administration Abroad......Page 686
Nubian Provincial Administration and the Military......Page 687
Foreign Administration and the Military in Asia......Page 697
Supplies of Troops, Fortresses and Garrisons Abroad......Page 711
Soldiers’ Civil Careers: Aspects of a Loyalistic Model of the State......Page 719
Conclusions......Page 724
Sally L.D. Katary: The Administration of Institutional Agriculture in the New Kingdom......Page 730
John Coleman Darnell: A Bureaucratic Challenge? Archaeology and Administration in a Desert Environment (Second Millennium B.C.E.)......Page 796
Through the Old Kingdom—Sealers of King and God, and Egyptianized Nubians......Page 798
First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom—Economic Integration......Page 800
Middle Kingdom Expeditions—Quarrymen and Developers......Page 810
Personnel of the Middle Kingdom Mining Expeditions—The Sabastet Expeditions......Page 812
Textual Expressions of Middle Kingdom Administration—The Deserts and Paleography......Page 818
Emplacements in the Desert—Huts, Cisterns, and Patrolmen......Page 820
Changes in Desert Policy and Administration during the New Kingdom......Page 828
Cisterns and Caravansaries......Page 831
Oversight of Grain Shipments......Page 834
Desert Administration in New Kingdom Nubia......Page 835
Pierre Grandet: The Ramesside State......Page 842
A Constitution for New Kingdom Egypt......Page 845
A. Function of the king......Page 847
Section A......Page 848
Section B......Page 858
From Constitution to Institution......Page 865
The King......Page 866
The Administration......Page 873
The Foundations......Page 898
An Intellectual Model......Page 904
A Legal Fiction......Page 905
Third Intermediate Period......Page 912
Saite Period (Dynasty 26)......Page 914
Persian Period (Dynasty 27)......Page 916
Late Period (Dynasties 28–30)......Page 918
Ptolemaic Period......Page 919
Nubia under Egyptian Rule during the New Kingdom: The Evidence......Page 922
The Political Geography of New Kingdom Nubia......Page 923
A Different Model for New Kingdom Wawat and Kush......Page 925
The Ruling Elite: Background and Education......Page 930
The Career Structure......Page 933
The Development and Structure of the Viceregal Bureaucracy......Page 934
The Viceroy—sȝ nsw n Kȝš......Page 937
Family and Previous Careers of Viceroys......Page 940
Duties of Viceroys......Page 945
The ἰdnw......Page 947
The Mayors of Towns—ḥȝty-ʿ......Page 948
2. The Gold Mines and Foreign Trade......Page 949
3. Agricultural Production......Page 950
4. The Religious Foundations......Page 951
The Chief of Bowmen of Kush—ḥry pḏt n Kȝš......Page 952
The Overseers of Southern Foreign Lands—ἰmy-r ḫȝswt rsyt......Page 954
7. The Indigenous Rulers......Page 955
The Elite of New Kingdom Nubia and the End of the Administration......Page 961
The Disestablishment of the Viceregal Administration......Page 962
Viceroys During the Libyan Period......Page 965
The Administration of Egypt under Kushite Rule......Page 966
Damien Agut-Labordère: The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power......Page 976
Sources and Problems......Page 977
1. Territorial Sovereignty (Psamtik I—592/591)......Page 978
1.1 The King and His Entourage......Page 979
1.1.1 The Advisers to the King......Page 980
1.1.2 The Chief Physician......Page 983
1.1.3 The Manager of the Antechamber......Page 984
1.2 Resistance and Submission: The Delta, the Thebaid, and the Southern Land......Page 985
1.2.1 The Reduction of the Chieftainships of the Delta......Page 986
1.2.2 The Assertion of Saite Authority in Thebes......Page 988
1.2.3 The “Southern Land” and the Construction of a Local Administration in Middle Egypt......Page 992
Conclusion......Page 995
2. The Construction of a Military Tool: The Warrior King......Page 996
2.1 The Libyan Heritage and the Adaptation of the Military Tool: From Psamtik I to Nekau II......Page 997
2.1.1 Generals, Infantrymen/Calasiries and Archers: The Egypto-Libyan Basis of the Army of Egypt......Page 998
2.1.2 The Development of the Cavalry and the Frontier Guard......Page 999
2.1.3 The First Saite “Foreign Legions”......Page 1000
2.2.1 Birth of the Egyptian Military Navy......Page 1001
2.2.2 Recourse to Aegean Combatants......Page 1003
Conclusion......Page 1005
3.1 The Improvement of an Administration Dedicated to Management of the Royal Properties......Page 1006
3.1.1 The Manager of the Scribes of the Council: The General Manager of the Royal Accounting System......Page 1007
3.1.2 The Manager of the Royal Boats......Page 1008
3.1.3 Supervision of Temple Properties: The Example of the Manager of the Fields......Page 1010
3.1.4 The Saite senti......Page 1011
3.2.1 Collection of Trade Revenues: The Agents at the Gate......Page 1013
3.2.2 Taxation of Individuals......Page 1017
4. Economic Administration in the Temples and Their Environs: The Example of the Domain of Amun in Thebes......Page 1020
4.1 The King and the Economic Activity of the Temples: Gifts, Peculation, Taxation, and Diplomatic Donations......Page 1021
4.2 The Barley Scribe and Leasing of Land......Page 1029
4.3 The Guilds of Choachytes......Page 1031
Conclusion: The Dynamic of the Saite Administrative History......Page 1037
Juan Carlos Moreno García: The ‘Other’ Administration: Patronage, Factions, and Informal Networks of Power in Ancient Egypt......Page 1040
“Great is the Great One Whose Great Ones are Great”: Kingship and Palace Factions......Page 1042
Patronage......Page 1053
Informal Paths of Authority and “Vertical” Circulation of Power......Page 1067
Conclusion......Page 1074
Kings and Queens......Page 1078
Divinities......Page 1081
Individuals......Page 1082
Toponyms......Page 1089
Egyptian Words and Selected Titles......Page 1096
Thematic Index......Page 1101