Anatomy & Physiology An Integrative Approach

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PART I: ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
	CHAPTER 1 The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
		1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Compared
			1.1a Anatomy: Details of Structure and Form
			1.1b Physiology: Details of Function
		1.2 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated
		1.3 How to Study Anatomy and Physiology Effectively
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Comparing How Anatomists and Physiologists Examine the Human Body
		1.4 The Body\'s Levels of Organization
			1.4a Characteristics That Describe Living Things
			1.4b The View from Simplest to Most Complex
			1.4c Introduction to Organ Systems
		1.5 The Precise Language of Anatomy and Physiology
			1.5a Anatomic Position
			1.5b Sections and Planes
			1.5c Anatomic Directions
			1.5d Regional Anatomy
			1.5e Body Cavities and Membranes
			1.5f Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
		1.6 Homeostasis: Keeping Internal Conditions Stable
			1.6a Components of Homeostatic Systems
			1.6b Homeostatic Systems Regulated by Negative Feedback
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Negative Feedback Mechanisms for Regulating Body Temperature
			1.6c Homeostatic Systems Regulated by Positive Feedback
		1.7 Homeostasis, Health, and Disease
	CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
		2.1 Atomic Structure
			2.1a Matter, Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
			2.1b Isotopes
			2.1c Chemical Stability and the Octet Rule
		2.2 Ions and Ionic Compounds
			2.2a Ions
			2.2b Ionic Bonds
		2.3 Covalent Bonding, Molecules, and Molecular Compounds
			2.3a Chemical Formulas: Molecular and Structural
			2.3b Covalent Bonds
			2.3c Nonpolar, Polar, and Amphipathic Molecules
			2.3d Intermolecular Attractions
		2.4 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water
			2.4a Molecular Structure of Water
			2.4b Properties of Water
			2.4c Water as the Universal Solvent
		2.5 Acidic and Basic Solutions, pH, and Buffers
			2.5a Water: A Neutral Solvent
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Water\'s Roles in the Body
			2.5b Acids and Bases
			2.5c pH, Neutralization, and the Action of Buffers
		2.6 Water Mixtures
			2.6a Categories of Water Mixtures
			2.6b Expressions of Solution Concentration
		2.7 Biological Macromolecules
			2.7a General Characteristics
			2.7b Lipids
			2.7c Carbohydrates
			2.7d Nucleic Acids
			2.7e Proteins
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Biological Macromolecules
		2.8 Protein Structure
			2.8a Categories of Amino Acids
			2.8b Amino Acid Sequence and Protein Conformation
	CHAPTER 3 Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Cellular Respiration
		3.1 Energy
			3.1a Classes of Energy
			3.1b Forms of Energy
			3.1c Laws of Thermodynamics
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Energy as It Relates to Human Body Function
		3.2 Chemical Reactions
			3.2a Chemical Equations
			3.2b Classification of Chemical Reactions
			3.2c Reaction Rates and Activation Energy
		3.3 Enzymes
			3.3a Function of Enzymes
			3.3b Enzyme Structure and Location
			3.3c Mechanism of Enzyme Action
			3.3d Classification and Naming of Enzymes
			3.3e Enzymes and Reaction Rates
			3.3f Controlling Enzymes
			3.3g Metabolic Pathways and Multienzyme Complexes
		3.4 Cellular Respiration
			3.4a Overview of Glucose Oxidation
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: How Enzymes Work
			3.4b Glycolysis
			3.4c Intermediate Stage
			3.4d Citric Acid Cycle
			3.4e The Electron Transport System
			3.4f ATP Production
			3.4g The Fate of Pyruvate with Insufficient Oxygen
			3.4h Other Fuel Molecules That Are Oxidized in Cellular Respiration
	CHAPTER 4 Biology of the Cell
		4.1 Introduction to Cells
			4.1a How Cells Are Studied
			4.1b Cell Size and Shape
			4.1c Common Features and General Functions
		4.2 Chemical Structure of the Plasma Membrane
			4.2a Lipid Components
			4.2b Membrane Proteins
		4.3 Membrane Transport
			4.3a Passive Processes: Diffusion
			4.3b Passive Processes: Osmosis
			4.3c Active Processes
		4.4 Resting Membrane Potential
			4.4a Introduction
			4.4b Establishing and Maintaining an RMP
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Passive and Active Processes of Membrane Transport
		4.5 Cell Communication
			4.5a Direct Contact Between Cells
			4.5b Ligand-Receptor Signaling
		4.6 Cellular Structures
			4.6a Membrane-Bound Organelles
			4.6b Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles
			4.6c Structures of the Cell\'s External Surface
			4.6d Membrane Junctions
		4.7 Structure of the Nucleus
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Cellular Structures and Their Functions
			4.7a Nuclear Envelope and Nucleolus
			4.7b DNA, Chromatin, and Chromosomes
		4.8 Function of the Nucleus and Ribosomes
			4.8a Transcription: Synthesizing RNA
			4.8b Translation: Synthesizing Protein
			4.8c DNA as the Control Center of a Cell
		4.9 Cell Division
			4.9a Cellular Structures
			4.9b The Cell Cycle
		4.10 Cell Aging and Death
	CHAPTER 5 Tissue Organization
		5.1 Epithelial Tissue: Surfaces, Linings, and Secretory Functions
			5.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
			5.1b Functions of Epithelial Tissue
			5.1c Classification of Epithelial Tissue
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: The Relationship Between Epithelial Tissue Type and Function
			5.1d Glands
		5.2 Connective Tissue: Cells in a Supportive Matrix
			5.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue
			5.2b Functions of Connective Tissue
			5.2c Embryonic Connective Tissue
			5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: The Relationship Between Connective Tissue Type and Function
		5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement
		5.4 Nervous Tissue: Information Transfer and Integration
		5.5 Integration of Tissues in Organs and Body Membranes
			5.5a Organs
			5.5b Body Membranes
		5.6 Tissue Development and Aging
			5.6a Tissue Development
			5.6b Tissue Modification
			5.6c Aging of Tissues
PART II: SUPPORT AND BODY MOVEMENT
	CHAPTER 6 Integumentary System
		6.1 Composition and Functions of the Integument
			6.1a Epidermis
			6.1b Dermis
			6.1c Subcutaneous Layer
			6.1d Functions of the Integument
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: How Integument Form Influences Its Functions
		6.2 Integumentary Structures Derived from Epidermis
			6.2a Nails
			6.2b Hair
			6.2c Exocrine Glands of the Skin
		6.3 Repair and Regeneration of the Integumentary System
		6.4 Development and Aging of the Integumentary System
			6.4a Development of the Integument and Its Derivatives
			6.4b Aging of the Integument
	CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function
		7.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System
		7.2 Bone: The Major Organ of the Skeletal System
			7.2a General Functions
			7.2b Classification of Bones
			7.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones
			7.2d Bone Marrow
			7.2e Microscopic Anatomy: Bone Connective Tissue
			7.2f Microscopic Anatomy: Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
		7.3 Cartilage Growth
		7.4 Bone Formation
			7.4a Intramembranous Ossification
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: The Process of Endochondral Ossification
			7.4b Endochondral Ossification
		7.5 Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling
			7.5a Bone Growth
			7.5b Bone Remodeling
			7.5c Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling
		7.6 Regulating Blood Calcium Levels
			7.6a Activation of Vitamin D to Calcitriol
			7.6b Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitriol
			7.6c Calcitonin
		7.7 Effects of Aging
		7.8 Bone Fracture and Repair
	CHAPTER 8 Skeletal System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
		8.1 Components of the Skeleton
			8.1a Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
			8.1b Bone Markings
		8.2 Bones and Features of the Skull
			8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull
			8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features
			8.2c Sutures
			8.2d Orbital and Nasal Complexes, Paranasal Sinuses
		8.3 Bones Associated with the Skull
		8.4 Sex and Age Determination from Analysis of the Skull
			8.4a Sex Differences in the Skull
			8.4b Aging of the Skull
		8.5 Bones of the Vertebral Column
			8.5a Types of Vertebrae
			8.5b Spinal Curvatures
			8.5c Vertebral Anatomy
		8.6 Bones of the Thoracic Cage
			8.6a Sternum
			8.6b Ribs
		8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: A Comparison
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Similarities Between the Upper Limb and Lower Limb Skeletons
		8.8 The Pectoral Girdle and Its Functions
			8.8a Clavicle
			8.8b Scapula
		8.9 Bones of the Upper Limb
			8.9a Humerus
			8.9b Radius and Ulna
			8.9c Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges
		8.10 The Pelvic Girdle and Its Functions
			8.10a Os Coxae
			8.10b True and False Pelves
			8.10c Sex Differences in the Pelvis
			8.10d Age Differences in the Ossa Coxae
		8.11 Bones of the Lower Limb
			8.11a Femur and Patella
			8.11b Tibia and Fibula
			8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
			8.11d Arches of the Foot
		8.12 Development of the Skeleton
	CHAPTER 9 Skeletal System: Articulations
		9.1 Classification of Joints
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: The Relationship Between Mobility and Stability in Joints
		9.2 Fibrous Joints
			9.2a Gomphoses
			9.2b Sutures
			9.2c Syndesmoses
		9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
			9.3a Synchondroses
			9.3b Symphyses
		9.4 Synovial Joints
			9.4a Distinguishing Features and Anatomy of Synovial Joints
			9.4b Classification of Synovial Joints
		9.5 The Movements of Synovial Joints
			9.5a Gliding Motion
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Synovial Joints
			9.5b Angular Motion
			9.5c Rotational Motion
			9.5d Special Movements
		9.6 Synovial Joints and Levers
			9.6a Terminology of Levers
			9.6b Types of Levers
		9.7 Features and Anatomy of Selected Joints
			9.7a Temporomandibular Joint
			9.7b Shoulder Joint
			9.7c Elbow Joint
			9.7d Hip Joint
			9.7e Knee Joint
			9.7f Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
		9.8 Development and Aging of the Joints
	CHAPTER 10 Muscle Tissue
		10.1 Introduction to Skeletal Muscle
			10.1a Functions of Skeletal Muscle
			10.1b Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
		10.2 Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
			10.2a Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
			10.2b Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
			10.2c Innervation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
			10.2d Skeletal Muscle Fibers at Rest
		10.3 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
			10.3a Neuromuscular Junction: Excitation of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
			10.3b Sarcolemma, T-tubules, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Excitation-Contraction Coupling
			10.3c Sarcomere: Crossbridge Cycling
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Skeletal Muscle Contraction
			10.3d Skeletal Muscle Relaxation
		10.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
			10.4a Supplying Energy for Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
			10.4b Oxygen Debt
		10.5 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
			10.5a Criteria for Classification of Muscle Fiber Types
			10.5b Classification of Muscle Fiber Types
			10.5c Distribution of Muscle Fiber Types
		10.6 Muscle Tension in Skeletal Muscle
			10.6a Muscle Twitch
			10.6b Changes in Stimulus Intensity: Motor Unit Recruitment
			10.6c Changes in Stimulus Frequency: Wave Summation, Incomplete Tetany, and Tetany
		10.7 Factors Affecting Skeletal Muscle Tension Within the Body
			10.7a Muscle Tone
			10.7b Isometric Contractions and Isotonic Contractions
			10.7c Length-Tension Relationship
			10.7d Muscle Fatigue
		10.8 Effects of Exercise and Aging on Skeletal Muscle
			10.8a Effects of Exercise
			10.8b Effects of Aging
		10.9 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
		10.10 Smooth Muscle Tissue
			10.10a Location of Smooth Muscle
			10.10b Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
			10.10c Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction
			10.10d Controlling Smooth Muscle
			10.10e Functional Categories of Smooth Muscle
	CHAPTER 11 Muscular System: Axial and Appendicular Muscles
		11.1 Skeletal Muscle Composition and Actions
			11.1a Skeletal Muscle Attachments
			11.1b Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
			11.1c Actions of Skeletal Muscles
		11.2 Skeletal Muscle Naming
		11.3 Muscles of the Head and Neck
			11.3a Muscles of Facial Expression
			11.3b Extrinsic Eye Muscles
			11.3c Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
			11.3d Muscles of the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles
			11.3e Muscles That Move the Head and Neck
		11.4 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
		11.5 Muscles of Respiration
		11.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
		11.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
		11.8 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
			11.8a Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle
			11.8b Muscles That Move the Glenohumeral Joint/Arm
			11.8c Arm and Forearm Muscles That Move the Elbow Joint/Forearm
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Muscle Compartmentalization
			11.8d Forearm Muscles That Move the Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers
			11.8e Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
		11.9 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
			11.9a Muscles That Move the Hip Joint/Thigh
			11.9b Thigh Muscles That Move the Knee Joint/Leg
			11.9c Leg Muscles That Move the Ankle, Foot, and Toes
			11.9d Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
PART III: COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL
	CHAPTER 12 Nervous System: Nervous Tissue
		12.1 Introduction to the Nervous System
			12.1a General Functions of the Nervous System
			12.1b Organization of the Nervous System
			12.1c Nerves and Ganglia
		12.2 Nervous Tissue: Neurons
			12.2a General Characteristics of Neurons
			12.2b Neuron Structure
			12.2c Neuron Transport
			12.2d Classification of Neurons
		12.3 Synapses
		12.4 Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells
			12.4a General Characteristics of Glial Cells
			12.4b Types of Glial Cells
			12.4c Myelination
		12.5 Axon Regeneration
		12.6 Plasma Membrane of Neurons
			12.6a Types of Pumps and Channels
			12.6b Distribution of Pumps and Channels
		12.7 Introduction to Neuron Physiology
			12.7a Neurons and Ohm\'s Law
			12.7b Neurons at Rest
		12.8 Physiologic Events in the Neuron Segments
			12.8a Receptive Segment
			12.8b Initial Segment
			12.8c Conductive Segment
			12.8d Transmissive Segment
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Events of Neuron Physiology
		12.9 Characteristics of Action Potentials
			12.9a Graded Potentials Versus Action Potentials
			12.9b Velocity of Action Potential Propagation
			12.9c Frequency of Action Potentials
		12.10 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulation
			12.10a Classification of Neurotransmitters
			12.10b Features of Neurotransmitters
			12.10c Neuromodulation
		12.11 Neural Integration and Neuronal Pools of the CNS
	CHAPTER 13 Nervous System: Brain and Cranial Nerves
		13.1 Brain Organization and Development
			13.1a Overview of Brain Anatomy
			13.1b Development of Brain Divisions
			13.1c Gray Matter and White Matter Distribution
		13.2 Protection and Support of the Brain
			13.2a Cranial Meninges
			13.2b Brain Ventricles
			13.2c Cerebrospinal Fluid
			13.2d Blood-Brain Barrier
		13.3 Cerebrum
			13.3a Cerebral Hemispheres
			13.3b Lobes of the Cerebrum
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Anatomic and Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
			13.3c Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
			13.3d Central White Matter
			13.3e Cerebral Lateralization
			13.3f Cerebral Nuclei
		13.4 Diencephalon
			13.4a Epithalamus
			13.4b Thalamus
			13.4c Hypothalamus
		13.5 Brainstem
			13.5a Midbrain
			13.5b Pons
			13.5c Medulla Oblongata
		13.6 Cerebellum
			13.6a Structural Components of the Cerebellum
			13.6b Functions of the Cerebellum
		13.7 Functional Brain Systems
			13.7a Limbic System
			13.7b Reticular Formation
		13.8 Integrative Functions and Higher-Order Brain Functions
			13.8a Development of Higher-Order Brain Functions
			13.8b Electroencephalogram
			13.8c Sleep
			13.8d Cognition
			13.8e Memory
			13.8f Emotion
			13.8g Language
		13.9 Cranial Nerves
	CHAPTER 14 Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
		14.1 Overview of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
			14.1a General Functions
			14.1b Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy
			14.1c Spinal Nerve Identification and Gross Anatomy
		14.2 Protection and Support of the Spinal Cord
		14.3 Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
			14.3a Distribution of Gray Matter
			14.3b Distribution of White Matter
		14.4 Sensory and Motor Pathways
			14.4a Overview of Conduction Pathways
			14.4b Sensory Pathways
			14.4c Motor Pathways
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Differences Between Sensory and Motor Pathways
		14.5 Spinal Nerves
			14.5a General Distribution of Spinal Nerves
			14.5b Nerve Plexuses
			14.5c Intercostal Nerves
			14.5d Cervical Plexuses
			14.5e Brachial Plexuses
			14.5f Lumbar Plexuses
			14.5g Sacral Plexuses
		14.6 Reflexes
			14.6a Characteristics of Reflexes
			14.6b Components of a Reflex Arc
			14.6c Classifying Spinal Reflexes
			14.6d Spinal Reflexes
			14.6e Reflex Testing in a Clinical Setting
		14.7 Development of the Spinal Cord
	CHAPTER 15 Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
		15.1 Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
			15.1a Functional Organization
			15.1b Lower Motor Neurons of the Somatic Versus Autonomic Nervous System
			15.1c CNS Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
		15.2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
			15.2a Functional Differences
			15.2b Anatomic Differences in Lower Motor Neurons
			15.2c Degree of Response
		15.3 Parasympathetic Division
			15.3a Cranial Components
			15.3b Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
		15.4 Sympathetic Division
			15.4a Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
			15.4b Sympathetic Pathways
		15.5 Autonomic Plexuses and the Enteric Nervous System
			15.5a Autonomic Plexuses
			15.5b Enteric Nervous System
		15.6 Comparison of Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Two Divisions
			15.6a Overview of ANS Neurotransmitters
			15.6b Cholinergic Receptors
			15.6c Adrenergic Receptors
		15.7 Interactions Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions
			15.7a Autonomic Tone
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Comparison of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the ANS
			15.7b Dual Innervation
			15.7c Systems Controlled Only by the Sympathetic Division
		15.8 Autonomic Reflexes
	CHAPTER 16 Nervous System: Senses
		16.1 Introduction to Sensory Receptors
			16.1a General Function of Sensory Receptors
			16.1b General Structure of Sensory Receptors
			16.1c Sensory Information Provided by Sensory Receptors
			16.1d Sensory Receptor Classification
		16.2 The General Senses
			16.2a Tactile Receptors
			16.2b Referred Pain
		16.3 Olfaction and Gustation
			16.3a Olfaction: The Sense of Smell
			16.3b Gustation: The Sense of Taste
		16.4 Visual Receptors
			16.4a Accessory Structures of the Eye
			16.4b Eye Structure
			16.4c Physiology of Vision: Refraction and Focusing of Light
			16.4d Physiology of Vision: Phototransduction
			16.4e Visual Pathways
		16.5 Hearing and Equilibrium Receptors
			16.5a Ear Structure
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: How We See
			16.5b Hearing
			16.5c Auditory Pathways
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: How We Hear
			16.5d Equilibrium and Head Movement
	CHAPTER 17 Endocrine System
		17.1 Introduction to the Endocrine System
			17.1a Overview of the Endocrine System
			17.1b Comparison of the Two Control Systems
			17.1c General Functions of the Endocrine System
		17.2 Endocrine Glands
			17.2a Location of the Major Endocrine Glands
			17.2b Stimulation of Hormone Synthesis and Release
		17.3 Categories of Hormones
			17.3a Circulating Hormones
			17.3b Local Hormones
		17.4 Hormone Transport
			17.4a Transport in the Blood
			17.4b Levels of Circulating Hormone
		17.5 Target Cells: Interactions with Hormones
			17.5a Lipid-Soluble Hormones
			17.5b Water-Soluble Hormones
		17.6 Target Cells: Degree of Cellular Response
			17.6a Number of Receptors on a Target Cell
			17.6b Hormone Interactions on a Target Cell
		17.7 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
			17.7a Anatomic Relationship of the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Endocrine System: Major Control System of the Body
			17.7b Interactions Between the Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland
			17.7c Interactions Between the Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary Gland
			17.7d Growth Hormone: Its Regulation and Effects
		17.8 Thyroid Gland
			17.8a Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
			17.8b Thyroid Hormone: Its Regulation and Effects
			17.8c Calcitonin: Its Regulation and Effects
		17.9 Adrenal Glands
			17.9a Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
			17.9b Cortisol: Its Regulation and Effects
		17.10 The Pancreas
			17.10a Anatomy of the Pancreas
			17.10b Pancreatic Hormones
		17.11 Other Endocrine Glands
			17.11a Pineal Gland
			17.11b Parathyroid Glands
			17.11c Structures with an Endocrine Function
		17.12 Aging and the Endocrine System
		Major Regulatory Hormones of the Human Body
PART IV:
MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION
	CHAPTER 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood
		18.1 Functions and General Composition of Blood
			18.1a Functions of Blood
			18.1b Physical Characteristics of Blood
			18.1c Components of Blood
		18.2 Composition of Blood Plasma
			18.2a Plasma Proteins
			18.2b Other Solutes
		18.3 Formed Elements in the Blood
			18.3a Hemopoiesis
			18.3b Erythrocytes
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Recycling and Elimination of Erythrocyte Components
			18.3c Leukocytes
			18.3d Platelets
		18.4 Hemostasis
			18.4a Vascular Spasm
			18.4b Platelet Plug Formation
			18.4c Coagulation Phase
			18.4d Elimination of the Clot
		18.5 Development and Aging of Blood
	CHAPTER 19 Cardiovascular System: Heart
		19.1 Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
			19.1a General Function
			19.1b Overview of Components
			19.1c Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Blood Flow Through the Heart and Circulatory Routes
		19.2 The Heart Within the Thoracic Cavity
			19.2a Location and Position of the Heart
			19.2b The Pericardium
		19.3 Heart Anatomy
			19.3a Superficial Features of the Heart
			19.3b Layers of the Heart Wall
			19.3c Heart Chambers
			19.3d Heart Valves
			19.3e Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
			19.3f Microscopic Structure of Cardiac Muscle
		19.4 Coronary Vessels: Blood Supply Within the Heart Wall
			19.4a Coronary Arteries
			19.4b Coronary Veins
		19.5 Anatomic Structures Controlling Heart Activity
			19.5a The Heart\'s Conduction System
			19.5b Innervation of the Heart
		19.6 Stimulation of the Heart
			19.6a Nodal Cells at Rest
			19.6b Electrical Events at the SA Node: Initiation of the Action Potential
			19.6c Conduction System of the Heart: Spread of the Action Potential
		19.7 Cardiac Muscle Cells
			19.7a Cardiac Muscle Cells at Rest
			19.7b Electrical and Mechanical Events of Cardiac Muscle Cells
			19.7c Repolarization and the Refractory Period
			19.7d The ECG Recording
		19.8 The Cardiac Cycle
			19.8a Overview of the Cardiac Cycle
			19.8b Events of the Cardiac Cycle
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Changes Associated with a Cardiac Cycle
		19.9 Cardiac Output
			19.9a Introduction to Cardiac Output
			19.9b Variables That Influence Heart Rate
			19.9c Variables That Influence Stroke Volume
			19.9d Variables That Influence Cardiac Output
		19.10 Development of the Heart
	CHAPTER 20 Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation
		20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
			20.1a General Structure of Vessels
			20.1b Arteries
			20.1c Capillaries
			20.1d Veins
			20.1e Pathways of Blood Vessels
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: How Blood Vessel Form Influences Function
		20.2 Total Cross-Sectional Area and Blood Flow Velocity
		20.3 Capillary Exchange
			20.3a Diffusion and Vesicular Transport
			20.3b Bulk Flow
			20.3c Net Filtration Pressure
			20.3d Role of the Lymphatic System
		20.4 Local Blood Flow
			20.4a Degree of Vascularization and Angiogenesis
			20.4b Myogenic Response
			20.4c Local, Short-Term Regulation
			20.4d Relationship of Local and Total Blood Flow
		20.5 Blood Pressure, Resistance, and Total Blood Flow
			20.5a Blood Pressure
			20.5b Resistance
			20.5c Relationship of Blood Flow to Blood Pressure Gradients and Resistance
		20.6 Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
			20.6a Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure
			20.6b Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Factors That Regulate Blood Pressure
		20.7 Blood Flow Distribution During Exercise
		20.8 Pulmonary Circulation
			20.8a Blood Flow Through the Pulmonary Circulation
			20.8b Characteristics of the Pulmonary Circulation
		20.9 Systemic Circulation: Vessels from and to the Heart
			20.9a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart
			20.9b General Venous Return to the Heart
		20.10 Systemic Circulation: Head and Trunk
			20.10a Head and Neck
			20.10b Thoracic and Abdominal Walls
			20.10c Thoracic Organs
			20.10d Gastrointestinal Tract
			20.10e Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum
		20.11 Systemic Circulation: Upper and Lower Limbs
			20.11a Upper Limb
			20.11b Lower Limb
		20.12 Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation
			20.12a Fetal Circulation
			20.12b Postnatal Changes
	CHAPTER 21 Lymphatic System
		21.1 Lymph and Lymph Vessels
			21.1a Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries
			21.1b Lymphatic Vessels, Trunks, and Ducts
		21.2 Overview of Lymphatic Tissue and Organs
		21.3 Primary Lymphatic Structures
			21.3a Red Bone Marrow
			21.3b Thymus
		21.4 Secondary Lymphatic Structures
			21.4a Lymph Nodes
			21.4b Spleen
			21.4c Tonsils
			21.4d Lymphatic Nodules and MALT
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Relationship of the Lymphatic System to Both the Cardiovascular System and Immune System
	CHAPTER 22 Immune System and the Body\'s Defense
		22.1 Overview of Diseases Caused by Infectious Agents
		22.2 Overview of the Immune System
			22.2a Immune Cells and Their Locations
			22.2b Cytokines
			22.2c Comparison of Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity
		22.3 Innate Immunity
			22.3a Preventing Entry
			22.3b Nonspecific Internal Defenses: Cells
			22.3c Nonspecific Internal Defenses: Antimicrobial Proteins
			22.3d Nonspecific Internal Defenses: Inflammation
			22.3e Nonspecific Internal Defenses: Fever
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Innate Immunity
		22.4 Adaptive Immunity: An Introduction
			22.4a Antigens
			22.4b General Structure of Lymphocytes
			22.4c Antigen-Presenting Cells and MHC Molecules
			22.4d Overview of Life Events of Lymphocytes
		22.5 Formation and Selection of T-Lymphocytes in Primary Lymphatic Structures
			22.5a Formation of T-Lymphocytes
			22.5b Selection and Differentiation of T-Lymphocytes
			22.5c Migration of T-Lymphocytes
		22.6 Activation and Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes
			22.6a Activation of T-Lymphocytes
			22.6b Activation of B-Lymphocytes
			22.6c Lymphocyte Recirculation
		22.7 Effector Response at Infection Site
			22.7a Effector Response of T-Lymphocytes
			22.7b Effector Response of B-Lymphocytes
		22.8 Immunoglobulins
			22.8a Structure of Immunoglobulins
			22.8b Actions of Antibodies
			22.8c Classes of Immunoglobulins
		22.9 Immunologic Memory and Immunity
			22.9a Immunologic Memory
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Adaptive Immunity
			22.9b Measure of Immunologic Memory
			22.9c Active and Passive Immunity
	CHAPTER 23 Respiratory System
		23.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System
			23.1a General Functions of the Respiratory System
			23.1b General Organization of the Respiratory System
			23.1c Respiratory Mucosa
		23.2 Upper Respiratory Tract
			23.2a Nose and Nasal Cavity
			23.2b Paranasal Sinuses
			23.2c Pharynx
		23.3 Lower Respiratory Tract
			23.3a Larynx
			23.3b Trachea
			23.3c Bronchial Tree
			23.3d Respiratory Zone: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli
			23.3e Respiratory Membrane
		23.4 Lungs
			23.4a Gross Anatomy of the Lung
			23.4b Circulation to and Innervation of the Lungs
			23.4c Pleural Membranes and Pleural Cavity
			23.4d How Lungs Remain Inflated
		23.5 Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation
			23.5a Introduction to Pulmonary Ventilation
			23.5b Mechanics of Breathing
			23.5c Nervous Control of Breathing
			23.5d Airflow, Pressure Gradients, and Resistance
			23.5e Pulmonary and Alveolar Ventilation
			23.5f Volume and Capacity
		23.6 Respiration: Alveolar and Systemic Gas Exchange
			23.6a Chemical Principles of Gas Exchange
			23.6b Alveolar Gas Exchange (External Respiration)
			23.6c Systemic Gas Exchange (Internal Respiration)
		23.7 Respiration: Gas Transport
			23.7a Oxygen Transport
			23.7b Carbon Dioxide Transport
			23.7c Hemoglobin as a Transport Molecule
		23.8 Breathing Rate and Homeostasis
			23.8a Effects of Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation on Cardiovascular Function
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: The Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
			23.8b Breathing and Exercise
	CHAPTER 24 Urinary System
		24.1 Introduction to the Urinary System
		24.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
			24.2a Location and Support
			24.2b Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney
			24.2c Innervation of the Kidney
		24.3 Functional Anatomy of the Kidney
			24.3a Nephron
			24.3b Collecting Tubules and Collecting Ducts
			24.3c Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
		24.4 Blood Flow and Filtered Fluid Flow
			24.4a Blood Flow Through the Kidney
			24.4b Filtrate, Tubular Fluid, and Urine Flow
		24.5 Production of Filtrate Within the Renal Corpuscle
			24.5a Overview of Urine Formation
			24.5b Filtration Membrane
			24.5c Formation of Filtrate and Its Composition
			24.5d Pressures Associated with Glomerular Filtration
			24.5e Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Glomerular Filtration and Its Regulation
		24.6 Reabsorption and Secretion in Tubules and Collecting Ducts
			24.6a Overview of Transport Processes
			24.6b Transport Maximum and Renal Threshold
			24.6c Substances Reabsorbed Completely
			24.6d Substances with Regulated Reabsorption
			24.6e Substances Eliminated as Waste Products
			24.6f Establishing the Concentration Gradient
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
		24.7 Evaluating Kidney Function
			24.7a Measuring Glomerular Filtration Rate
			24.7b Measuring Renal Plasma Clearance
		24.8 Urine Characteristics, Transport, Storage, and Elimination
			24.8a Characteristics of Urine
			24.8b Urinary Tract (Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra)
			24.8c Micturition
	CHAPTER 25 Fluid and Electrolytes
		25.1 Body Fluids
			25.1a Percentage of Body Fluid
			25.1b Fluid Compartments
		25.2 Fluid Balance
			25.2a Fluid Intake and Fluid Output
			25.2b Fluid Imbalance
			25.2c Regulation of Fluid Balance
		25.3 Electrolyte Balance
			25.3a Nonelectrolytes and Electrolytes
			25.3b Major Electrolytes: Location, Functions, and Regulation
		25.4 Hormonal Regulation
			25.4a Angiotensin II
			25.4b Antidiuretic Hormone
			25.4c Aldosterone
			25.4d Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
		25.5 Acid-Base Balance
			25.5a Categories of Acid
			25.5b The Kidneys and Regulation of Fixed Acids
			25.5c Respiration and Regulation of Volatile Acid
			25.5d Chemical Buffers
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Maintaining Acid-Base Balance
		25.6 Disturbances to Acid-Base Balance
			25.6a Overview of Acid-Base Imbalances
			25.6b Respiratory-Induced Acid-Base Disturbances
			25.6c Metabolic-Induced Acid-Base Disturbances
			25.6d Compensation
	CHAPTER 26 Digestive System
		26.1 Introduction to the Digestive System
			26.1a Organization of the Digestive System
			26.1b General Functions of the Digestive System
			26.1c Gastrointestinal Tract Wall
			26.1d Overview of the Regulation of the Digestive System
			26.1e Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity
		26.2 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
			26.2a Overview of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Organs
			26.2b Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
			26.2c Pharynx and Esophagus
			26.2d Stomach
		26.3 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
			26.3a Overview of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Organs
			26.3b Small Intestine
			26.3c Accessory Digestive Organs and Ducts
			26.3d Large Intestine
		26.4 Nutrients and Their Digestion
			26.4a Carbohydrate Digestion
			26.4b Protein Digestion
			26.4c Lipid Digestion
			26.4d Nucleic Acid Digestion
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Nutrients and Their Digestion
			26.4e Water, Electrolyte, and Vitamin Absorption
	CHAPTER 27 Nutrition and Metabolism
		27.1 Introduction to Nutrition
		27.2 Macronutrients
			27.2a Carbohydrates
			27.2b Lipids
			27.2c Proteins
		27.3 Micronutrients
			27.3a Vitamins
			27.3b Minerals
		27.4 Guidelines for Adequate Nutrition
		27.5 Regulating Blood Levels of Nutrients
			27.5a Absorptive State
			27.5b Postabsorptive State
		27.6 Functions of the Liver
			27.6a Cholesterol Synthesis
			27.6b Transport of Lipids
			27.6c Integration of Liver Structure and Function
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Liver Structure and Function
		27.7 Central Role of Cellular Respiration
			27.7a ATP Generation
			27.7b Interconversion of Nutrient Biomolecules and Their Building Blocks
		27.8 Energy and Heat
			27.8a Metabolic Rate
			27.8b Temperature Regulation
PART V: REPRODUCTION
	CHAPTER 28 Reproductive System
		28.1 Overview of Female and Male Reproductive Systems
			28.1a Common Elements of the Two Systems
			28.1b Sexual Maturation in Females and Males
			28.1c Anatomy of the Perineum
		28.2 Gametogenesis
			28.2a A Brief Review of Heredity
			28.2b An Overview of Meiosis
			28.2c Meiosis I: Reduction Division
			28.2d Meiosis II: Separation of Sister Chromatids
		28.3 Female Reproductive System
			28.3a Ovaries
			28.3b Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
			28.3c Uterine Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina
			28.3d Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle and Menstruation
			28.3e External Genitalia
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: The Interrelationships Between Hormones, the Ovarian Cycle, and the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
			28.3f Mammary Glands
			28.3g Female Sexual Response
		28.4 Male Reproductive System
			28.4a Scrotum
			28.4b Testes and Spermatogenesis
			28.4c Duct System in the Male Reproductive Tract
			28.4d Accessory Glands and Semen Production
			28.4e Penis
			28.4f Male Sexual Response
		28.5 Development and Aging of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems
			28.5a Genetic Versus Phenotypic Sex
			28.5b Formation of Indifferent Gonads and Genital Ducts
			28.5c Internal Genitalia Development
			28.5d External Genitalia Development
			28.5e Puberty
			28.5f Menopause and Male Climacteric
	CHAPTER 29 Development, Pregnancy, and Heredity
		29.1 Overview of the Prenatal Period
		29.2 Pre-Embryonic Period
			29.2a Fertilization
			29.2b Cleavage
			29.2c Implantation
			29.2d Formation of the Bilaminar Germinal Disc and Extraembryonic Membranes
			29.2e Development of the Placenta
		29.3 Embryonic Period
			29.3a Gastrulation and Formation of the Primary Germ Layers
			29.3b Folding of the Embryonic Disc
			29.3c Organogenesis
		29.4 Fetal Period
		29.5 Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
			29.5a The Course of Pregnancy
			29.5b Hormonal Changes
			29.5c Uterine and Mammary Gland Changes
			29.5d Digestive System, Nutrient, and Metabolic Changes
			29.5e Cardiovascular and Respiratory System Changes
			29.5f Urinary System Changes
		29.6 Labor (Parturition) and Delivery
			29.6a Factors That Lead to Labor
			29.6b False Labor
			29.6c Initiation of True Labor
			29.6d Stages of True Labor
		29.7 Postnatal Changes for the Newborn
		29.8 Changes in the Mother After Delivery
			29.8a Hormonal Changes
			29.8b Blood Volume and Fluid Changes
			29.8c Lactation
			29.8d Uterine Changes
		29.9 Heredity
			29.9a Overview of Human Genetics
		INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW: Anatomic and Physiologic Changes That Occur in the Mother
			29.9b Patterns of Inheritance
			29.9c Sex-Linked Inheritance
			29.9d Penetrance and Environmental Influences on Heredity
Appendix A: Answers to \"What Do You Think?\"
Appendix B: Roots, Combining Forms, Prefixes, and Suffixes
Glossary
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Index
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