anatomy and physiology

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body
	Introduction
	1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
	1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
	1.3 Functions of Human Life
	1.4 Requirements for Human Life
	1.5 Homeostasis
	1.6 Anatomical Terminology
	1.7 Medical Imaging
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
	Introduction
	2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
	2.2 Chemical Bonds
	2.3 Chemical Reactions
	2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
	2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
	Introduction
	3.1 The Cell Membrane
	3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
	3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
	3.4 Protein Synthesis
	3.5 Cell Growth and Division
	3.6 Cellular Differentiation
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
	Introduction
	4.1 Types of Tissues
	4.2 Epithelial Tissue
	4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
	4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion
	4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
	4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 5 The Integumentary System
	Introduction
	5.1 Layers of the Skin
	5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
	5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
	5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 6 Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
	Introduction
	6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
	6.2 Bone Classification
	6.3 Bone Structure
	6.4 Bone Formation and Development
	6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
	6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
	6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 7 Axial Skeleton
	Introduction
	7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
	7.2 The Skull
	7.3 The Vertebral Column
	7.4 The Thoracic Cage
	7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
	Introduction
	8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
	8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
	8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
	8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
	8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 9 Joints
	Introduction
	9.1 Classification of Joints
	9.2 Fibrous Joints
	9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
	9.4 Synovial Joints
	9.5 Types of Body Movements
	9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
	9.7 Development of Joints
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
	Introduction
	10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
	10.2 Skeletal Muscle
	10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
	10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
	10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
	10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
	10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
	10.8 Smooth Muscle
	10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 11 The Muscular System
	Introduction
	11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
	11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
	11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
	11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
	11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
	11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
	Introduction
	12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
	12.2 Nervous Tissue
	12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
	12.4 The Action Potential
	12.5 Communication Between Neurons
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 13 Anatomy of the Nervous System
	Introduction
	13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
	13.2 The Central Nervous System
	13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
	13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 14 The Somatic Nervous System
	Introduction
	14.1 Sensory Perception
	14.2 Central Processing
	14.3 Motor Responses
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 15 The Autonomic Nervous System
	Introduction
	15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
	15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
	15.3 Central Control
	15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam
	Introduction
	16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
	16.2 The Mental Status Exam
	16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
	16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
	16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 17 The Endocrine System
	Introduction
	17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
	17.2 Hormones
	17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
	17.4 The Thyroid Gland
	17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
	17.6 The Adrenal Glands
	17.7 The Pineal Gland
	17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
	17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
	17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
	17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 18 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
	Introduction
	18.1 An Overview of Blood
	18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
	18.3 Erythrocytes
	18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
	18.5 Hemostasis
	18.6 Blood Typing
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
	Introduction
	19.1 Heart Anatomy
	19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
	19.3 Cardiac Cycle
	19.4 Cardiac Physiology
	19.5 Development of the Heart
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
	Introduction
	20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
	20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
	20.3 Capillary Exchange
	20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
	20.5 Circulatory Pathways
	20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 21 The Lymphatic and Immune System
	Introduction
	21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
	21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
	21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
	21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
	21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
	21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
	21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 22 The Respiratory System
	Introduction
	22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
	22.2 The Lungs
	22.3 The Process of Breathing
	22.4 Gas Exchange
	22.5 Transport of Gases
	22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
	22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 23 The Digestive System
	Introduction
	23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
	23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
	23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
	23.4 The Stomach
	23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
	23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
	23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 24 Metabolism and Nutrition
	Introduction
	24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
	24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
	24.3 Lipid Metabolism
	24.4 Protein Metabolism
	24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
	24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
	24.7 Nutrition and Diet
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 25 The Urinary System
	Introduction
	25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
	25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
	25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
	25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
	25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
	25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
	25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
	25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
	25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
	25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
	Introduction
	26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
	26.2 Water Balance
	26.3 Electrolyte Balance
	26.4 Acid-Base Balance
	26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 27 The Reproductive System
	Introduction
	27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System
	27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System
	27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 28 Development and Inheritance
	Introduction
	28.1 Fertilization
	28.2 Embryonic Development
	28.3 Fetal Development
	28.4 Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
	28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
	28.6 Lactation
	28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
	Key Terms
	Chapter Review
	Interactive Link Questions
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking Questions
References
	3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
	4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
	4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
	5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
	5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
	7.2 The Skull
	12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
	18.6 Blood Typing
	19.4 Cardiac Physiology
	20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
	21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
	22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
	23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
	23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
	25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
Index