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ویرایش: [1st ed. 2023] نویسندگان: Benjamin J. Hazen (editor), Shishir K. Maithel (editor), Ravi R. Rajani (editor), Jahnavi Srinivasan (editor) سری: ISBN (شابک) : 303125595X, 9783031255953 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2023 تعداد صفحات: 813 [796] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 44 Mb
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در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Anatomic, Physiologic, and Therapeutic Principles of Surgical Diseases: A Comprehensive, High-Yield Review به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب اصول تشریحی، فیزیولوژیکی و درمانی بیماری های جراحی: مروری جامع و پر بازده نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
این متن جامع و پربازده، منبعی قابل هضم برای اصول اصلی آناتومیک، فیزیولوژیکی و درمانی بیماری های جراحی است. به جای تمرکز بر تظاهرات بالینی و مدیریت قبل از عمل، رویکردهای الگوریتمی معقولی را برای درمان هر آسیب شناسی با توجه ویژه به گزینه های عمل ارائه می دهد. این به خواننده اجازه میدهد تا مجموعه وسیعی از گزینههای جراحی را برای درمان ایمن مشکلات جراحی و کمک به فرآیند تصمیمگیری به شیوهای سازمانیافته، با مراحل و تکنیکهای حیاتی عملیاتهای خاص که در هر فصل گنجانده شده است، ایجاد کند. نکته مهم این است که این کتاب فهرست مختصری از مراحل عمل های جراحی رایج را ارائه می دهد، یعنی مواردی که اغلب در طول امتحان گواهی Oral Board پس از اتمام دوره رزیدنتی با آن مواجه می شوند، که در مواد مطالعه موجود در حال حاضر غیرمعمول است. فصلها همچنین شامل خواندنهای پیشنهادی و خلاصهای از مطالعات محوری در مورد موضوعات خاص هستند که به عنوان مرجعی آسان برای محتوای ارائهشده عمل میکنند. موضوعات تحت پوشش با ارزیابی قبل از عمل و بیهوشی شروع می شود، سپس به صورت آناتومیک در تمام سیستم ها و اندام های مربوطه بدن، و همچنین تروما، پیوند، جراحی کودکان و بسیاری موارد دیگر ادامه می یابد. نوشته شده با دستیاران سطح ارشد جراحی عمومی که برای امتحانات بورد واجد شرایط (کتبی) و گواهی (شفاهی) آماده می شوند، همچنین برای تمام سطوح کارآموزانی که برای آزمون سالانه آموزش ضمن خدمت هیئت جراحی آمریکا آماده می شوند، ارزشمند خواهد بود. ABSITE) و همچنین دانشجویان پزشکی با علاقه به آموزش جراحی و کارآموزان در فلوشیپ خود پس از اتمام دوره رزیدنتی.
Comprehensive and high-yield, this text is a digestible resource for the major anatomic, physiologic, and therapeutic principles of surgical diseases. Rather than focus on clinical presentation and pre-operative management, it presents sensible algorithmic approaches to treatment for each pathology, with particular attention to operative options. This allows the reader to develop a large armamentarium of surgical options to safely treat surgical problems and aid in the decision-making process in an organized fashion, with critical steps and techniques of specific operations included in each chapter. Importantly, this book provides a concise list of steps for common surgical operations, namely those frequently encountered during the Certifying Oral Board exam after completing residency, which is uncommon in the currently available study material. Chapters also include suggested readings and summaries of pivotal studies on the specific topics, serving as an easy reference for the content provided. The topics covered begin with pre-operative evaluation and anesthesiology, then proceed anatomically across all relevant body systems and organs, as well as trauma, transplantation, pediatric surgery, and much more. Written with senior-level general surgery residents preparing for the qualifying (written) and certifying (oral) board examinations clearly in mind, it will also be valuable to all levels of trainees preparing for the annual American Board of Surgery In-service Training Exam (ABSITE) as well as medical students with an interest in surgical training and trainees in their fellowship after completing residency.
Foreword Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Editors Associate Editors Contributors 1: Pre-operative Evaluation and Management ASA Physical Status Significance of ASA Physical Status Determination of ASA Physical Status Preoperative Fasting Guidelines Selection and Timing of Preoperative Tests Echocardiography, Stress Testing, and Cardiac Catheterization Before Surgery Stratification of Low, Intermediate, and High-Risk Surgical Procedures Risk Factors for Perioperative Adverse Cardiac Event Assessment of Exercise Tolerance Perioperative Medication Management Special Considerations for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Electrocautery and CIED Safety Special Considerations for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) References 2: Anesthesiology Anesthesia Providers Anesthetic Technique General Anesthesia Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) [1] Moderate Sedation Regional Anesthesia Monitors [2] Standard ASA monitors Hemodynamic Monitoring Neuromonitoring Pharmacology Inhalational Anesthetics (Nitrous Oxide, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane) Intravenous Anesthetics Propofol [2] Barbiturates: Thiopental, Methohexital, Pentobarbital [2] Benzodiazepines (Midazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam) [2] Phencyclidines (Ketamine) [2] Etomidate [2] Dexmedetomidine [2, 3] Local Anesthetics [2] Opioids Non-Opioid Analgesics [4] Neuromuscular Blockers Depolarizing: Succinylcholine (only agent in clinical use) [2] Non-Depolarizing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) [5, 6] Airway Management Bag Valve Mask (BVM) Ventilation (“Bag Masking”) [4] Supraglottic Airways (SGA) [4] Intubation and Specialized Endotrachial Tubes (ETT) RSI (Rapid Sequence Induction) [4] Difficult Airway [4, 7] Extubation [4] PACU Discharge Criteria [5] References 3: Nutrition Introduction Anatomy Small Intestine Large Intestine Physiology Fat Digestion Carbohydrate Digestion Protein Digestion Enteral vs. Parenteral Nutrition Enteral: Tube Feeds Parenteral: PPN vs TPN Calculating TPN (Fig. 3.2) Malnutrition Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) Refeeding Syndrome Permissive Underfeeding: 15–20 kcal/kg/day Overfeeding TPN-Associated Liver Abnormalities Transitional Feeding: TPN to Enteral Nutrition Calculations (Fig. 3.4) Surgical Options for Enteral Access PEG (Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy): Three Approaches [5] “Pull:” (Most Common) “Push:” (Often Used by Radiologists, Under Fluoroscopy) Introducer Laparoscopic Gastrostomy Tube [6] References 4: Hematology/Blood Products Coagulation Cascade (Fig. 4.1) Thromboelastography Initiating or Resuming Anticoagulation Thrombolytics Hypocoagulable States Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Etiology Types 4T Score [10] Diagnosis Treatment Options DIC von Willebrand’s Hemophilia A Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease) Platelet Disorders Hypercoagulable States Factor 5 Leiden Prothrombin 20210 Protein C or S Deficiency Antithrombin 3 Deficiency Polycythemia Vera Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome Hyperhomocystinemia Acquired Causes Types of Blood Products (Table 4.3) Threshold for Transfusion of Platelets Uremic Platelet Dysfunction Blood Product Transfusion Reactions (Table 4.4) Practice Changing Papers References 5: Head and Neck Salivary Gland Anatomy (Fig. 5.1) Parotid Gland Submandibular Gland Sublingual Gland Minor Salivary Glands Salivary Gland Physiology (Fig. 5.2) Salivary Flow Acinar Epithelial Cells Neck Anatomy Neck Levels (Fig. 5.3) Triangles of the Neck (Fig. 5.4) Vascular Anatomy Oral Cavity Anatomy (Fig. 5.5) Oropharyngeal Anatomy Laryngeal Anatomy (Fig. 5.6) Salivary Gland Pathology Salivary Gland Benign Disease Pleomorphic Adenoma Warthin’s Tumor Lymphoepithelial Cysts Salivary Gland Malignant Disease T-Stage Major Salivary Glands AJCC 8 (Table 5.1) Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Adenoid Cystic Acinic Cell Carcinoma Oral Cavity Pathology Oral Cavity Malignant Disease Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma T-Stage Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC 8 (Table 5.2) N-Stage Oral Cavity Cancer AJCC 8 (Table 5.3) Oropharyngeal Pathology Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (P16−) T-Stage P16− Oropharyngeal Cancer AJCC 8 (Table 5.4) N-Stage P16− Oropharyngeal Cancer AJCC 8 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (P16+) T-Stage P16+ Oropharyngeal Cancer (Table 5.5) N-Stage P16+ Oropharyngeal Cancer (Table 5.6) Malignant Neck Mass Occult Primary Larynx Pathology Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma T-Stage Laryngeal Cancer (Table 5.7) N-Stage Laryngeal Cancer AJCC 8 Cutaneous Head and Neck Pathology Basal Cell Carcinoma Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma T-Stage Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC 8 (Table 5.9) N-Stage Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC 8 Mucosal Melanoma T-Stage Mucosal Melanoma AJCC 8 (Table 5.10) N-Stage Mucosal Melanoma AJCC 8 (Table 5.11) Cutaneous Melanoma T-Stage Cutaneous Melanoma AJCC 8 (Table 5.12) Surgical Options Parotidectomy Parotidectomy Complications Frey Syndrome First-Bite Syndrome Neck Dissection Selective Neck Dissection: Four Types Modified Radical Neck Dissection Radical Neck Dissection Extended Radical Neck Landmark Papers The VA Laryngeal Cancer Study RTOG 91-11 References 6: Thyroid Anatomy/Embryology Embryology Anatomy (Fig. 6.2) Physiology Evaluation of Thyroid Disorders Thyroid Nodule [2] Pathology Benign Disease Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Hypothyroid Disease Hashimoto Thyroiditis Subacute Thyroiditis (de Quervain Thyroiditis) Riedel Thyroiditis Hyperthyroid Disease Graves’ Disease Toxic Multinodular Goiter (MNG) Solitary Toxic Adenoma (Plummer’s Disease) Thyroid Storm [3] Malignant Diseases Differentiated Thyroid Cancers [2] Surgical Options Medullary Thyroid Cancer [4, 5] Anaplastic Carcinoma [6] Primary Thyroid Lymphoma [7] Practice Changing Papers Operative Steps to Thyroid Surgery Thyroidectomy (Total or Lobectomy) Central Neck Dissection (Level VI) Lateral Neck Dissection References 7: Parathyroid Anatomy/Embryology Embryology (Fig. 7.1) Anatomy (Fig. 7.2) Physiology (Fig. 7.3) Evaluation of Parathyroid Disorders (Fig. 7.4) Pathology Benign Disease Hypercalcemia Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH) Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism (THPT) Persistent and Recurrent Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Malignant Disease Parathyroid Carcinoma Surgical Options Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy Bilateral Neck Exploration Practice Changing Trials/Papers Operative Steps to Parathyroid Surgery Parathyroidectomy If Unable to Locate Parathyroid Gland References 8: Thoracic Embryology Anatomy (Figs. 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, and 8.6) Physiology Pulmonary Function Testing (Fig. 8.7) Pathology Benign Lung Disease Lung Abscess Massive Hemoptysis [1] Malignant Lung Disease Lung Cancer Screening Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) [2] Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) [3] Lung Cancer Staging (Table 8.1) Lung Staging Treatment Pulmonary Metastases Trachea Disease Tracheoarterial Fistula [4] Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula (TEF) [5] Tracheostomy Chest Wall Disease Pectus Excavatum Pectus Carinatum Chest Wall Trauma Pleura Disease Pleural Effusions [6] Empyema [7] Chylothorax [8] Pneumothorax (PTX) [9] Mediastinal Disease Mediastinal Mass Thymoma [10] Germ Cell Tumors [11] Paraganglioma (Pheochromocytoma) [12] Practice Changing Trials Operative Steps to Common Thoracic Surgeries Tracheostomy (Open Technique) Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Wedge Resection Posterolateral Thoracotomy References 9: Cardiac Embryology/Anatomy Physiology Pathology Coronary Artery Disease Surgical Options Complications Valvular Heart Disease Aortic Stenosis (AS) Aortic Stenosis Subtypes (Fig. 9.8) Tricuspid Calcified Aortic Stenosis Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) Rheumatic Heart Disease AS Grading Indications/Recommendations for Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) Tx: Surgical Options (Fig. 9.11) Complications Aortic Regurgitation Indications Surgical Options (Fig. 9.12) Mitral Valve Disease Mitral Stenosis Surgical Options Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Primary MR Secondary MR Indications for Intervention (Primary MR) (Fig. 9.17) Indications (Secondary MR) (Fig. 9.18) Surgical Options Complications Tricuspid Regurgitation Indications Surgical Options Other Aortic Disease Aortic Dissection Surgical Options (Guided by Extent of Dissection) Complications Image References Supplement Bibliography 10: Esophagus Embryology Anatomy Pathology Benign Disease Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Barrett’s Esophagus Esophageal Leiomyoma Schatzki’s Ring Plummer–Vinson Syndrome Esophageal Diverticula (Table 10.1) Dysmotility Disorders Achalasia Scleroderma Diffuse Esophageal Spasm Nutcracker Esophagus Mallory Weiss Tear Esophageal Perforation Surgical Approaches to the Esophagus Caustic Esophageal Injury Malignant Disease Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Surgical Approaches to Esophagectomy Ivor Lewis (Transthoracic) Abdominal and R Thoracotomy Incisions (Fig. 10.4) McKeown (Three-Hole) Abdominal, Thoracic, and Cervical Incisions (Fig. 10.5) Trans-hiatal Abdominal and Cervical Incisions (Fig. 10.6) Operative Steps: Trans-Hiatal Esophagectomy Practice Changing Papers Radiofrequency Ablation vs Endoscopic Surveillance for Patients with Barrett Esophagus and Low-Grade Dysplasia. A Randomized Clinical Trial [11] RTOG 8911 RCT of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgery Vs. Surgery Alone for Esophageal Cancer [12] References 11: Stomach Embryology/Anatomy (Fig. 11.1) Physiology (Fig. 11.2, Table 11.1) Pathology Benign Disease Four Types of Gastric Polyps [1] Menetrier Disease (Hypertrophic Gastritis) Dieulafoy Gastric Lesion Five Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease [2] Types of Pyloroplasties (Fig. 11.5) Upper GI Bleed (Fig. 11.6) Risk for Rebleeding Gastric Varices Gastric Perforation Surgical Options Decision Making Pearls Gastric Volvulus Surgical Options Foreign Bodies Malignant Disease Gastric Adenocarcinoma [4] Lauren Classification Siewert Classification (Fig. 11.10) Surgical Options Primary Gastric Lymphoma Gastric Carcinoid (Types 1–3) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors [5] Post-Gastrectomy Syndromes Practice Changing Trials Operative Steps to Common Gastric Surgeries Truncal Vagotomy Highly Selective Vagotomy Billroth I Billroth II Roux-n-Y Gastrojejunostomy References 12: Bariatric Surgery Physiology (Fig. 12.1) Brain–Gut Axis Gut Microbiota Leptin Ghrelin Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Peptide Y-Y (PYY) Pathology Criteria for Operative Intervention (US Criteria) Contraindications to Operative Intervention Surgical Options Restrictive Mechanisms Restrictive with Mild Malabsorption Mechanisms Postoperative Complications Malabsorptive with Mild Restriction Mechanisms Postoperative Complications Metabolic Changes Following Bariatric Surgery Practice Changing Papers References 13: Duodenum Embryology Anatomy Neurovascular Supply Physiology Pathology Benign Disease SMA Syndrome (Wilkie Syndrome) Treatment Options (Fig. 13.4) Strong Procedure Gastrojejunostomy Lateral Duodenojejunostomy Duodenojejunostomy with Jejunal Stump Gallstone Ileus Duodenal Ulceration Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer Treatment Options for Duodenal Ulcer with Active Hemorrhage Endoscopy Arterial Embolization with Interventional Radiology Surgical Interventions Anterior Duodenal Ulceration Posterior Duodenal Ulceration Duodenal Perforation Surgical Options Perforation <1 cm: Graham Patch/Modified Graham Patch Perforation >1–2 cm Perforation >2 cm Perforation >2 cm in First Portion of the Duodenum Perforation >2 cm of the Third or Fourth Portion of the Duodenum Perforation Eroding into the Pancreas (Fig. 13.8) Duodenal Diverticulum Treatment Options for Bleeding Endoscopy IR Angioembolization Surgical Options Diverticulum Not Including the Ampulla Diverticulum Burrowing in the Pancreas Massive Bleeding Form Diverticulum Perforated Diverticulum Aortoenteric Fistula Surgical Options Five Types of Benign Tumors of the Duodenum Malignant Tumors of the Duodenum Adenocarcinoma Surgical Options Gastrinoma Surgical Options Lymphomas Surgical Options Omental Flap and Primary Repair End-to-Side Duodenojejunostomy Duodenostomy Tube (Fig. 13.11) Practice Changing Trials Operative Steps to Common Duodenal Surgeries Kocher Maneuver Duodenal Diverticulectomy References Embryology Figure 1 Triple Point Ligation Figure 8 Duodenostomy Tube 1 and 2 Absorption Physiology Image Duodenal Anatomy Malignacies Forrest Classification SMA Syndrome Procedures Spegilen Chart AAST Duodenal Trauma Surgical Complications 14: Small Bowel Embryology Anatomy Immune System Arterial Supply (Fig. 14.2) Venous Drainage Physiology Motility Digestion Pathology Benign Ileus Small Bowel Obstruction Adult Intussusception Gallstone Ileus Diverticular Disease Enterocutaneous Fistula Crohn’s Disease Stricturoplasties Infectious Enteritis Immunocompetent Host Immunocompromised Host Radiation Enteritis Neoplasms Benign Adenoma Lipoma Hamartoma Hemangiomas Fibroma Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Adenocarcinoma Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET) Small Bowel Lymphoma Sarcoma Metastatic Disease Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Peutz–Jeghers Practice Changing Papers/Guidelines References 15: Colon Anatomy/Embryology Vascular Anatomy Physiology Pathology Benign Disease Lower GI Bleed Diverticular Disease Volvulus Types of Colitis Large Bowel Obstruction Pseudo-obstruction/Ogilvie Malignant Disease Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonic Polyps Malignant Polyps (Haggitt Classification) [4] (Fig. 15.9) Colonic Adenocarcinoma Familial Syndromes Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Gardner Syndrome Turcot Syndrome MYH Polyposis Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP) Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome Cowden Syndrome (Multiple Hamartoma–Neoplasia Syndrome) Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)/Lynch Syndrome Colostomy Parastomal Hernia Appendix Benign Diseases Appendicitis Malignant Disease Appendix Neoplasms Practice Changing Trials Operative Steps to Common Colorectal Procedures References 16: Anorectal Anatomy of the Anus/Rectum Vascular Anatomy Pelvic Nervous Anatomy Anatomy of Rectum Anatomy of Anal Canal (Fig. 16.2) Lymphatic Drainage (Fig. 16.3) Physiology Pathology Benign Disease Rectum Anus Malignant Disease Practice Changing Papers Surgical Procedures/Pearls References: 17: Liver Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy (Figs. 17.5, 17.6) Vascular/Biliary Anatomy Physiology Pathology Manifestations of End-stage Liver Disease Cirrhosis Other Notable Complications of Portal Hypertension Benign Disease Benign Cystic Lesions of the Liver Benign Solid Lesions of the Liver Malignant Disease Practice Changing Papers Technical Aspects of Common Hepatic Surgeries Right Hepatectomy (Segments V–VIII) Extended Right Hepatectomy (Segments IV–VIII) Left Hepatectomy (Segments II–IV) Extended Left Hepatectomy (Segments II–IV, V, VIII) Bibliography Additional Sources Papers 18: Biliary System and Gallbladder Embryology [1] Anatomy Physiology Bile Acid (BA) Synthesis Bile Function Hormones Pathology Benign Disease Choledochal Cysts Gallstones [7] Complications from Gallstones Symptomatic Cholelithiasis/Biliary Colic Acute Cholecystitis Gallbladder Empyema Gallbladder Gangrene or Gallbladder Perforation Chronic Cholecystitis Management of Gallstone Complications During Pregnancy [8] Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications [9–11] Common Bile Duct Injuries Intraoperative Bleeding Iatrogenic Bowel Injuries Postoperative Bleeding Port- or Surgical-Site Infections Retained Stones Biliary leak Choledocholithiasis [12] Ascending Cholangitis Biliary Dyskinesia [14] Gallstone Ileus Acalculous Cholecystitis Emphysematous Gallbladder Disease Porcelain Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis [16] Cholesterolosis Gallbladder Polyps [17] Mirizzi Syndrome [18, 19] Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct Benign Biliary Strictures [20] Malignant Biliary Strictures: Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction [21] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Malignant Disease Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma Cholangiocarcinoma Practice Changing Papers References 19: Pancreas Embryology [1, 2] Anatomy [3, 4] Vascular Anatomy [4, 5] Lymphatic Drainage [5, 6] (Fig. 19.5) Physiology Endocrine Function [7–9] Exocrine Function [8, 10] Pathology Benign Disease Acute Pancreatitis [11–13] Chronic Pancreatitis [18, 19] Pancreatic Pseudocyst [20, 21] Cystic Neoplasms [22, 23] Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors(pNETs) [31–38] (Tables 19.5 and 19.6) Malignant Disease Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma [39–42] Practice Changing Trials References 20: Spleen Embryology and Anatomy of the Spleen Physiology Pathology: Benign Disease Vascular Disorders of the Spleen Malignant Disease Operative Technique Practice Changing Papers References 21: Adrenal Embryology Anatomy Physiology Benign Disease Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex Benign Non-Functioning Adrenal Lesions Benign Functioning Adrenal Lesions Malignant Adrenal Disease Practice Changing Trials/Papers Operative Steps of Adrenal Surgery References 22: Urology Anatomy [1] Physiology [2] Pathology Benign Disease Testicular Pain/Torsion Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Benign Renal Masses Kidney Stones Incontinence: Malignant Disease Renal Cell Carcinoma, Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Testicular Cancer Prostate Cancer Bladder Cancer Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) Surgical Considerations Types of Urinary Diversions [12] Continent Incontinent Post-Cystectomy Complications Practice-Changing Trials Testicular Cancer Practice-changing Trials in Prostate Cancer Landmark Papers in Bladder Cancer Operative Steps to Common Urologic Surgeries Orchiectomy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection References 23: Hernias Groin Hernias Embryology Anatomy Pathophysiology Workup Surgical Options Open Tissue Repairs Bassini McVay Shouldice Open Mesh Repair Lichenstein Laparoscopic Approaches Transabdominal Preperitoneal Repair (TAPP) Totally Extraperitoneal Repair (TEP) Potential Surgical Complications Abdominal Wall Hernias Anatomy Pathophysiology Workup Meshes Permanent Synthetic Biologic Absorbable Synthetic Meshes Decision to Use Mesh Utilization of Mesh in an Infected Field Surgical Options 2 Open Primary Repair Open Repair with Mesh Placement Laparoscopic Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh (IPOM) Hybrid IPOM TAPP Robotic Extended Totally Extraperitoneal Repair (eTEP) Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Potential Complications Hiatal Hernias Embryology Anatomy: Physiology Pathology Workup Surgical Options Transabdominal MIS Approach Practice Changing Papers References 24: Breast Embryology Anatomy Breast Axilla (Fig. 24.3) Physiology Breast Imaging Screening Recommendations Mammography (MG) Ultrasound (US) MRI Breast Biopsy Types Pathology Benign Disease [1] Fibroadenoma Breast Cysts Nipple Discharge (Table 24.4) Mastalgia 3 Main Types of Breast Infections Premalignant Lesions and High-Risk Conditions [3] Malignant Disease Genetic Mutations Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Invasive Breast Cancer Surgical Tx of the Breast Surgical Tx of the Axilla Systemic Therapy Inflammatory Breast Cancer Male Breast Cancer Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer Occult Breast Cancer: Practice Changing Trials Operative Steps to Common Surgeries Surgical Complications Seroma Lymphedema [14] References 25: Skin and Soft Tissue Embryology/Anatomy/Physiology Fig. 25.1 Pathology Benign Disease 4 Types of Cysts Hidradenitis Suppurativa Seborrheic Keratosis Actinic Keratosis Glomus Tumor Hemangioma Malignant Disease Basal Cell Carcinoma Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Keratoacanthoma Bowen Disease Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cutaneous Adnexal Tumors Cutaneous Melanoma Practice Changing Trials Operative Steps to Common Skin and Soft Tissue Surgeries Connective Tissue Tumors Benign Disease Lipoma Desmoid Tumor/Desmoid-type Fibromatosis Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) Malignant Disease Soft Tissue Sarcoma Major Histologic Subtypes Liposarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs) Fibrosarcomas Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, fibrosarcomatous variant (DFSP-FS) Angiosarcoma High-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (HGUPS) Treatment Technical Aims Treatment Modalities Prognosis Practice Changing Trials References 26: Obstetrics and Gynecology Embryology/Anatomy Absent SRY Gene Physiology Gynecology Obstetrics Pathology The Ovary Ovarian Torsion Pelvic Inflammatory Disease/Tubo-ovarian Abscess (TOA) Ovarian Tumors [3] Epithelial Cell Tumors Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors Germ Cell Tumors The Fallopian Tube Interstitial/Cornual Ectopic Location The Uterus Benign Disease Fibroids Malignant Disease Endometrial Cancer Uterine Sarcomas [11] The Pelvis Endometriosis The Cervix The Vagina The Vulva Condyloma Acuminata Bartholin Gland/Greater Vestibular Gland [14] Vulvar Cancer The Pregnant Patient Abortions (Fig. 26.7 and Table 26.4) Postpartum Pelvic Thrombophlebitis Non-obstetric Surgery on the Pregnant Patient [17, 18] Anesthesia Imaging Pre-op Intra-op Post-op References 27: Trauma Section 1. Initial Trauma Workup Section 2. Initial Trauma Resuscitation Section 3. Head Pathology Section 4. Face Pathology Section 5. Neck & Spine Pathology Section 6. Thoracic Pathology (Table 27.6) Section 7. Abdominal Pathology Section 8. Pelvic Pathology Section 9. Extremity Pathology (Table 27.13) Section 10. Special Population Considerations Section 11. Emergent Procedures Practice Changing Papers References 28: Critical Care Neurologic Stroke Traumatic Brain Injury Brain Death Toxidromes Cardiovascular Ionotropic Receptors: (Table 28.2) Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS) (Table 28.3) Arrythmiass Pulmonary Respiratory Failure Non-conventional Mechanical Ventilation Modes Ventilator Desynchrony Ventilator Weaning Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Gastrointestinal Intraabdominal Hypertension/Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Genitourinary Acute Kidney Injury Musculoskeletal Rhabdomyolysis/Pigment-Induced Kidney Injury Pressure Ulcers Hematology Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis Transfusion for Anemia Immunology Fever in the ICU Immunocompromised Patients Neutropenic Fever Neutropenic Typhlitis/Enterocolitis HIV Endocrine Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Ethics and End of Life Care Organ Donation Common Bedside Procedures References 29: Burns Embryology Anatomy Burn Depth Classification (Fig. 29.2) Initial Resuscitation/Evaluation Types of Burns References 30: Aorta, Visceral, and Upper Extremity Vascular Disease Embryology Aortic Anatomy Physiology Pathology Aortic Dissection Treatment Options Aortic Aneurysms Treatment options Endoleaks Leriche Syndrome Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury (BTAI) Treatment Options Subclavian Steal Syndrome Mesenteric Ischemia Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (AMI): Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia (CMI): Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS) Practice Changing Trials Aneurysm Dissection Basic Operative Techniques References 31: Peripheral Vascular Disease Embryology Anatomy/Physiology Pathology Other Vascular Diseases Lymphatics Practice-Changing Papers Surgical Procedure Steps References 32: Transplant Transplantation Immunology Basics Types of Rejection Immunosuppression Abdominal Organ Procurement Donor Operation Kidney Transplantation Description of Operation Pancreas Transplantation Description of Operation Liver Transplantation Donor/Recipient Evaluation Description of Operation References 33: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Wound Healing Phases of Wound Healing Barriers to Wound Healing: Scarring Principles of Reconstruction The Reconstructive Ladder [12] Methods of Reconstruction: Grafts and Flaps Flap Basics Breast Reconstruction Breast Anatomy: Ideal Aesthetic Breast: General Principles of Reconstruction: Reconstructive Types: Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) Chest Wall Reconstruction Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Pertinent anatomy [47, 52, 53]: Surgical options Perineal Reconstruction Decubitus Ulcers Hand Infections [98–99] Compartment Syndrome of the Upper Extremity References 34: Pediatric Surgery Head and Neck Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Tracheomalacia Treatments Branchial Anomalies [2, 3] Anatomy/Pathology (Fig. 34.4) Clinical Presentation: Cystic Hygroma Operative Treatment: Thyroid Disease in Children/Adolescents Thyroidectomy in Pediatrics Operative Treatment Chest and Mediastinum Pectus Carinatum Operative Treatment Mediastinal Masses Surgical Options: Lung Malformations Operative Treatment: Lobectomy Diaphragmatic Hernia Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax [10] Treatment Options (Fig. 34.14) Tracheoesophageal Fistula [11–13] Surgical Options Reflux in Infants [15] Abdomen [11, 12] Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) [16] Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation (SIP) Omphalocele [17] Surgical Options Gastroschisis [18] Pyloric Stenosis [19] Intussusception [20] Treatment Options Surgical Options Malrotation [21] Meckel’s Diverticulum [22] Surgical Options Duodenal Atresia [9] Jejunoileal Obstruction Appendicitis [23] Surgical Options Biliary Choledochal Cysts [24] Surgical Options Biliary Atresia [25] Abdominal Masses [11, 12] Hepatoblastoma [26] Neuroblastoma [28] Wilms’ Tumor [30] Pediatric Colorectal [11, 31] Hirschsprung’s Disease: Surgical Options Anorectal Malformations [32, 33] Surgical Treatment: Sacral Approach to SCT Resection: Hernias [34] Inguinal Hernia Umbilical Hernia Urology [35] References 35: Global Surgery Defining Global Surgery Historical Context of Global Surgery and Global Health Challenges and Successes in Global Surgery Global Burden of Surgical Disease Barriers to Safe Surgery Globally Addressing Challenges in Global Surgery Ethics in Global Surgery Pathologies and Procedures General Surgery Common Pathologies in Global General Surgery Anesthesia Key Procedures in Global Anesthesia Neurosurgery Key Procedures in Global Neurosurgery Ophthalmology Common Pathologies in Global Ophthalmology Key Procedures in Global Ophthalmology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Common Pathologies in Global Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Odontogenic Infections: Caries, Periodontitis, and Noma [39, 43, 44] Congenital Concerns Key Procedures in Global Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery [43] Orthopedic Surgery Common Pathologies in Global Orthopedic Surgery: Key Procedures for Global Orthopedic Surgery Obstetrics and Gynecology General Considerations in Global Obstetrics and Gynecology Common Pathologies in Global Obstetrics and Gynecology [63, 64] Key Procedures in Global Obstetrics and Gynecology Urology Common Pathologies in Global Urology [73, 74] Trauma Surgery Common Pathologies in Global Trauma Surgery Key Procedures in Global Trauma Surgery [89] Surgical Oncology Practice Changing Papers in Global Surgery References Index