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ویرایش: [1. ed.]
نویسندگان: Brian Williams
سری: Contributions to Political Science
ISBN (شابک) : 9783031394614, 9783031394621
ناشر: Springer
سال نشر: 2023
تعداد صفحات: XXI, 412
[425]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 14 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Anarchism and Social Revolution. An Anarchist Politics of the Transitionary State به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب آنارشیسم و انقلاب اجتماعی سیاست آنارشیستی دولت انتقالی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
این تک نگاری به روز رسانی به فلسفه آنارشیستی است و از تغییر پارادایم فراتر از نئولیبرالیسم و لیبرال دموکراسی حمایت می کند. پایان نامه مرکزی کتاب دارای دو جزء است. نخست، استدلال میشود که حداکثر کردن آزادی برابر مستلزم پیشرفت تاریخی فراتر از نظام دولتی مستقل است. برخلاف استدلال فوکویاما (1992) مبنی بر اینکه لیبرال دموکراسی پایان تاریخ است، استدلال می شود که لیبرالیسم دارای دو تضاد (نابرابری اقتصادی-اجتماعی و کمبود آزادی برابر ذاتی قدرت دولتی) است که پتانسیل پیشبرد تاریخ را دارد. استدلال این کتاب - سوسیال دموکراسی آزادیخواه - چارچوبی را برای هدایت آن مرحله نهایی تاریخ ارائه می دهد. دوم، در حالی که فلسفه آنارشیستی دیدگاهی فراتر از دولت مستقل ارائه می دهد، می توان آن را به عنوان یک پارادایم جایگزین مناسب تر نشان داد. به طور خاص، استدلال میشود که آنارشیسم به دلیل تبعیت سنتی آن از استراتژی پیشگویانه، که بر اساس آن دولت نمیتواند به عنوان وسیلهای برای دستیابی به جامعهای آزاد و برابر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد، مانع میشود. در مقابل، سوسیال دموکراسی لیبرتارین نقشی را برای یک دولت در حال گذار دموکراتیک (که در اینجا به عنوان آنارشیسم تدریجی توصیف می شود) در بر می گیرد و بدین ترتیب به نگرانی های جریان اصلی «هابزی» در مورد هرج و مرج بد (جایی که تمرکززدایی منجر به ضرر خالص در آزادی برابر می شود) می پردازد. با انجام این کار، کتاب طیف کاملی از استراتژی آنارشیستی را از مقدماتی تا تدریجی نشان می دهد.
This monograph provides an update to anarchist philosophy, advocating for a paradigm shift beyond neoliberalism and liberal democracy. The book’s central thesis has two components. First, it is argued that the maximization of equal liberty requires historical progress beyond the sovereign state system. In contrast to Fukuyama’s (1992) argument that liberal democracy is the end of history, it is argued that liberalism contains two contradictions (socioeconomic inequality and the shortcoming in equal liberty inherent to state power) with the potential to propel history further. This book’s argument – libertarian social democracy – provides a framework to guide that final stage of history. Second, while anarchist philosophy offers a vision beyond the sovereign state, it can be rendered more suitable as an alternative paradigm. Specifically, it is argued that anarchism is hampered by its traditional adherence to prefigurative strategy, according to which the state cannot be used as a means to achieve a free and equal society. By contrast, libertarian social democracy incorporates a role for a democratic transitionary state (described here as gradualist anarchism) thus addressing mainstream “Hobbesian” concerns about bad anarchy (where decentralization yields a net loss in equal liberty). In so doing, the book reveals the full spectrum of anarchist strategy from prefigurative to gradualist.
Preface This Book’s Purpose Transformative Goals A New Perspective on Anarchism Revolution in the United States Argument Characteristics Primarily a Work in Political Philosophy Rationalist and Constructivist Methodologies A Weakly Deterministic Philosophy of History Referencing and Citation Style Roadmap Acknowledgments Contents About the Author Part I: Anarchism Chapter 1: The Arc of History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical Context Rise of the Modern Sovereign State Before the Modern Era Emergence of the Modern Sovereign State System Emergence of State Capitalism Capitalism and Trade Before the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution and Manchester Capitalism Globalization 1.0: From Mercantilism to Free Trade (Nineteenth Century) Detroit Capitalism and the Keynesian Consensus (Twentieth Century) Globalization 2.0: The Neoliberal Era (1980-Present) The Spread of Liberal Democracy Pre-modern Democratic Societies The Early-Modern Emergence of Democratic Rights The Three Waves of Modern Democratization 1.3 The Modern Era in Perspective Perspectives on the Rise of State Capitalism Thinking About Property: Progress and Golden Age Perspectives The Golden Age Perspective: Modernization as Tragedy The Progress Perspective: Benefits of Modernization Harmonizing Modernization and Equal Liberty Technology and the Future of Democratic Capitalism Looking Ahead: Systemic Crisis and Transformative Change Contemporary Systemic Crises Systemic Crisis and Critical Juncture 1.4 Libertarian Social Democracy (and Its Alternatives) Toward a New Paradigm Socioeconomic Inequality and Opportunity for Change Post-modern Politics and the Need for New Left Ideas Libertarian Social Democracy as an Alternative Paradigm Anarchist Engagements with State Politics Prefigurative Anarchism Gradualist Anarchism The Ontological Question Libertarian Social Democracy Versus Political Liberalism Similarities with Liberalism and/or Republicanism Differences from Liberalism: Equality Differences from Liberalism: Decentralization Libertarian Social Democracy Versus Marxism Similarity and Difference The Marxian Theory of the State Evidence Favoring the Marxian View Some Evidence That Class Bias Is Not Inevitable Prospects for Egalitarian Democracy After Neoliberalism In Sum: Characteristics of an Anarchic State 1.5 Philosophy of History Framework for Analyzing History Two Dimensions of History: Human Motivation and Teleology Sources of Human Motivation: Plato’s Tripartite Theory of the Soul Do Teleological Views Promote State Power? Locating Theories in the Two-Dimensional Space: Some Examples Rational Choice Theory: Individual Agency Driven by Material (Individual) Interests Marx’s Dialectical Materialism: History Driven by Material (Class) Interests Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit: History Driven by Desire for Recognition Fukuyama’s Universal History: History Driven by Desire for Recognition (Toward Liberal Democracy) This Book’s Philosophy of History Agreement and Difference with Fukuyama’s Perspective Motivational Dimension: The Ideational Influence of Republican Freedom Teleological Dimension: History Tends Toward Equal Liberty Maximization Contradictions as a Cause of Historical Change Stages of Modern History: Dialectical Interactions and Equal Liberty In Sum: The End of History from a Libertarian Social Democratic Perspective 1.6 Anarchism and Comparative Politics 1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Anarchism in the Political Realm 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Liberal Democracy and Social Progress Equal Liberty and Liberal Democracy Anarchism and Democracy Like Liberal Democracy, Anarchism Emphasizes Equal Liberty Anarchism as Radical Democracy The Anarchist Critique of Liberal Democracy Anarchism Versus Democracy The Anarchist Critique Is Especially Plausible Under a Ruling Class 2.3 Prefigurative Anarchism Prefigurative Anarchist Strategy A Traditional Anarchist Perspective Prefigurative Anarchist Revolutionary Cycles A Critique of Prefigurative Anarchism Downplaying Differences Across Political Regime Types The Risk of Bad Anarchy 2.4 Gradualist Anarchism Gradualist Versus Prefigurative Anarchism Gradualism in Anarchist Thought Permutations of Gradualist Anarchism Prefigurative (Non-state) Gradualism Gradualism with Statist Participation Constitutional Design Electoral and/or Reformist Participation Statist Participation After Revolution In Sum: Toward a Unified Gradualist Perspective Elements of Gradualist Anarchism: Just Law, Consensus, and Decentralization Consensus and Coercion Informal Norms Versus State Coercion Consensus and Just Law: What Needs to Be Agreed upon? Loyal Opposition and Equal Liberty Maximization Defining Decentralization Consensus and Decentralization: Consolidating Gains in Equal Liberty When Should Power Be Decentralized? Avoiding Bad Government After the Revolution Skepticism About Transitionary States A Transitionary State Can Work Under the Right Conditions When to Revert to Revolutionary Strategy 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Anarchism in the Economic Realm 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Terminology Mixed Economy Common After World War II All Societies Have Mixed Economies, Even Today Private Economic Sphere Private Economic Sphere Characteristics: Ownership, Governance, and Beneficiaries Advantages of Markets: Provision, Finance, and Regulation Libertarianism in the Private Economic Sphere Freed Markets Other Organizations from the Private Economic Sphere Public Economic Sphere Public Economic Sphere Characteristics: Ownership, Governance, and Beneficiaries Advantages of State Sector: Provision, Finance, and Regulation Libertarianism in the Public Economic Sphere Not Necessarily State-Based Post-State Public Sectors Non-State Public Sectors 3.3 Libertarian Mixed Economy Economic Liberal Arguments Classic Liberal Perspectives on Private Ownership Liberal Individualistic View of Human Nature The Liberal Critique of Socialism: Trampling on Property Rights The Liberal Critique of Socialism: Inability to Calculate Socialist Arguments People Are Social by Nature The Socialist Critique of Liberalism: Intra-Firm Hierarchy The Socialist Critique of Liberalism: Monopoly Capitalism The Libertarian Mixed Economy Argument Human Nature Is Normally Distributed Human Nature Corresponds with Mixed Economies Addressing Economic Liberal Concerns About Socialism Cronyism and Majority Tyranny Administrative Inefficiency Addressing Socialist Concerns About Markets The Public Option as a Solution Intra-Firm Hierarchy Outside Options Enhance Employee Bargaining Strength Outside Options Deprive Capitalists of Workers Capital Accumulation Relies on Labor 3.4 Balancing Public and Private Economic Spheres How to Balance Public and Private? Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as a Baseline Standard Property Rights (Article 17) What Is Meant by Property Rights? Why Accept Private Property Rights? Positive Rights (Articles 22–26) What Is Meant by Positive Rights? Why Accept “Second-Generation” Positive Rights? Criteria for Balancing Private Property and Positive Rights Applying the Criteria for Balancing Public and Private Democratic Decision-Making in the Economic Realm Democracy in the Public Versus Private Economic Spheres Some Determinants of Collective Choice Pluralism of Mixed Economies 3.5 Anarchism in the Economic Realm Overcoming Collective Action Problems Addressing the Challenges of Socialism Supply Side Dilemmas: Public Goods and the Free Rider Problem Demand Side Dilemmas: Over-Consumption of Common Pool Resources Deferred Reciprocity and Economic Institutions Gradualism Versus Prefigurative Anarchism in the Economic Realm Advantages of State-Based Economic Sectors Minimizing the Care Gap Federally Integrated Public Sectors Minimizing Coordination Problems Prefigurative Coordination in the Spanish Revolution of 1936 Ensuring the Provision of Public Goods and Services Regulatory Framework Public Administration in a Democratic Transitionary State Co-creation and Libertarian Social Democracy Are State-Based Economic Sectors Inherently Hierarchical? From Statist to Post-State Economic Sectors Collectivism: Anarchism in the Transitionary Era Communism: Anarchy After the Transition 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Anarchism in the Cultural Realm 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Revolutionary Cultural Change Ronald Inglehart’s Evolutionary Modernization Theory Micah White’s Unified Revolutionary Theory 4.3 Social Contract Consent and the Social Contract Demos Versus Demoi Openness to the Idea of a Democratic Transitionary State Emphasis on Decentralization Division and Loyal Opposition Consensual Norms Are Conducive to Equal Liberty What Counts as Consent? Early Modern Perspectives Consent in the Democratic Transitionary Society Loyal Opposition and Decentralization 4.4 Promoting Self-Government The Cage of Norms The Primary Sources of Domination Intersectionality and Post-structuralist Anarchism The State and Capitalism as the Primary Sources of Domination Overcoming Domination Through Libertarian Social Democracy Gradualist Anarchism and Intersectionality Minimizing Discrimination Through Social Revolution Vestiges of Cultural Discrimination and Judicial Arbitration States and Markets Are Not an Immutable Source of Domination When to Decentralize Power? Political and Economic Participation Political Participation Contributing to the Public Economic Sphere 4.5 International Community Offensive Realism and Collective Security Realist Skepticism About Collective Security International Collective Security as the First Stage of Decentralization From Offensive Realism to Collective Security The First Stage of Decentralization Bad Anarchy in World Politics Today Achieving Collective Security, or Good Anarchy, at the International Level Collective Security Requires Revolutions Within Aggressor States The Limits of Prefiguration (Skipping the First Stage of Decentralization) Collective Security Mitigates the Security Dilemma The Democratic Peace Decentralization After Collective Security Is Achieved Beyond the Democratic Peace Good Anarchy in World Politics Sets the Stage for More Decentralization Informalizing National Security (Second and Third Stages of Decentralization) International Pluralism Territorial Demarcations Environmental Cooperation 4.6 Conclusion References Part II: Social Revolution Chapter 5: An Elite-Class Theory of US Politics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theories of Political Power: Some Background Terminology and Disciplinary Trends Elite and Class Theoretic Perspectives: Some Influential Authors and/or Ideas The Community Power Debate Political Science and Pluralist Theory Historical Developments Within Political Science The Inadequacy of Pluralist Theory in an Unequal Democracy Potential Paradigm Shift Within Political Science Political Science’s Wider Influence 5.3 From Pluralist to Elite Theory Pluralistic Understandings of Liberal Democracy Elite-Class Perspectives on (Unequal) Liberal Democracy Pluralism Versus Elite Theory The Elitism Versus Pluralism Tradeoff The Tacit Nature of Elite Control in an Unequal Democracy Pluralism’s Simplicity Advantage In Sum: Why Elite Theory? Elite Cooptation Model: An Overview Novel Aspects of the Elite Cooptation Model Transition from Liberal to Egalitarian Democracy Elite Strategy in an Unequal Democracy Elite Mass Versus Partisan Division (Contrasting Elite Theoretic Perspectives) Merging Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theories of Democratic Transitions 5.4 Elite Cooptation Model: Top-Down Concessions Elite Mass Divisions and Elite Coordination Elite-Mass Divisions Electoral and Policy Costs Legislative Pay Raise Game: Solidary Elite Preference Elite Cooperation in an Equal Democracy Elite Cooperation in an Unequal Democracy Legislative Decision-Making in an Unequal Democracy Sophisticated Conservatism Electoral Concessions Democratic Uncertainty Versus Elite-Managed Elections Uncertain Election Outcomes: A Core Characteristic of (Pluralist) Democracy Evidence of Democratic Uncertainty: “True Democrat” Election Victories By Contrast, the Elite Cooptation Model Assumes Elite Control (In an Unequal Democracy) What Is Meant by “Electoral Concessions”? Transfers of Power as Stabilizing Concessions in Unequal Democracy Electoral Concessions in the USA (Distribution of Outcomes) Advantages of Narrow Election Outcomes Channels for Influencing Election Outcomes Voter (De)mobilization The Mass Media Campaign Contributions Elite Influence in the 2020 Presidential Election The 2016 Versus the 2020 Election Voter (De)mobilization The Mass Media Campaign Contributions Policy Concessions The Substantive Dimension of Policy Concessions Issue Area and Concession Generosity Division Characteristics: Outcomes in the “Ideologically Expected” Direction Outcomes in the “Unexpected Direction”: Independence of Electoral and Policy Concessions The Procedural Dimension of Policy Concessions Policy Advancement Margins of Victory In Sum: Contrasting Explanations of Electoral and Policy Outcomes 5.5 Elite Cooptation Model: Bottom-Up Opposition Tipping Model of Democratic Transition Revolutionary Thresholds Preference Falsification Revolutionary Cascades Merging Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theories Elite Cooptation Game in an Autocracy Elite Cooptation Game in an Unequal Democracy Revolutionary Movement Building in an Unequal Democracy 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: The Political Landscape 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Contemporary Public Policy Problems Economic Policy and Public Goods Socioeconomic Inequality Financial Sector Public Goods and Services Constitutional Rights and Liberties Policing Civil and Criminal Procedure Voting Rights and Elections Immigration Other Domestic Issues Foreign Policy Trade Agreements Foreign Wars and Interventions The Inadequacy of Reformism 6.3 The Pluralist View: Partisan Polarization General Signs of Partisan Division Economic Policy and Public Goods Fiscal and Trade Policy Environmental Regulations Health Care Net Neutrality Constitutional Rights and Liberties Policing and Criminal Procedure Civil Liberties and Workers’ Rights Immigrant Rights Foreign Policy Public Health Cooperation Environmental Treaties Weapons Treaties The War on Terror and Human Rights Relations with Nonaligned States In Sum: Partisan Division in US Politics 6.4 The Elite-Class View: Bipartisan Neoliberalism Rightward Shift in the USA: The General Context The Republican Party Leads the Way The Democratic Party Shifts to the Right The Carter Presidency (1976–1980) The Clinton Presidency (1993–2000) General Shift to Right Economic Policy Constitutional Rights and Liberties Foreign Policy The Obama Presidency (2009–2016) General Shift to the Right Economic Policy and Public Goods Constitutional Rights and Liberties Foreign Policy The Biden Presidency (2021–Present) Economic Policy and Public Goods Constitutional Rights and Liberties Foreign Policy Congress and Subnational Governments Economic Policy and Public Goods Constitutional Rights and Liberties Foreign Policy In Sum: Bipartisan Neoliberalism in US Politics 6.5 Toward a Case for Social Revolution Social Revolution in the USA Is Justified Elite Versus Pluralist Theoretic Explanations of US Politics The Moral Obligation of Social Revolution 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Revolutionary Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Political Realm Why Adopt a New US Constitution? Importance of Revolutionary Success in the Political Realm The USA Is Due for a New Constitution Criticisms of the US Constitution Focus on the Structure of Government and the Congressional Electoral System Political Institutions for a New US Constitution: An Overview Two Dimensions of Democratic Institutions: Federalism-Unitarism and Executives-Parties Federalism-Unitarism Dimension: Centralist Versus Decentralist Structures Executives-Parties Dimension: Proportional Versus Majoritarian Electoral Systems Centripetal Democracy as a Model for the USA Toward a More Centralist Structure of Government Decentralism Decentralist Institutions Cultural Fear of Faction Decentralist Equilibrium: A Vicious Cycle Centralism Centralist Institutions Culture of Trust Centralist Outcomes Other Benefits of Centralism From Presidentialism to Parliamentarism The Executive Branch and Democratic Freedoms Presidentialism Encourages Tyrannical Behavior Parliamentarism Is Not a Panacea Parliamentarism Empowers People More than Presidentialism Other Advantages of Parliamentarism In Sum: The Benefits of Parliamentarism From Bicameralism to Unicameralism Subnational Representation Subnational Units Are Often Overrepresented in the Upper Legislative Chamber Subnational Representation Is Possible Without an Upper Chamber Legislative Review Improving the Quality of Legislation Counterarguments In Sum: The Benefits of Unicameralism Maintaining a Federal System What Is Federalism and Unitarism? Federalism and Progressive Decentralization Decentralization and Progress Toward Anarchy Unitarism: Riskier “Big Steps” of Decentralization Federalism Is Arguably More Conducive to Progressive Decentralization Would Federalism Undermine a Culture of Trust? Subnational Autonomy Intergovernmental Cooperation In Sum: The Benefits of Federalism Electoral and Party Systems Why Focus on Electoral Systems? Proportional Representation in the USA The Benefits of Proportional Representation A New Multiparty System Greater Inclusivity Under a Multiparty System A More Consensual Style of Politics A More Fluid, Post-modern Party System Proportional Representation as a Shared Revolutionary Goal Addressing Criticisms of Proportional Representation Allowing the Elite to Hold on to Power Empowering Extremist Groups? Who to Hold Accountable in a Multiparty System? Lack of Local Representation Latent Support for Proportional Representation Proportional Representation Versus Ranked Choice Voting Support for Ranked Choice Voting in the USA Advantages of Party-List PR Over Ranked Choice Voting Party-List PR Versus Selection by Lot: Any Role for Political Parties? Some Argue for Sortition Rather than Elections Tradeoffs Associated with Sortition Systems Advantages of Party Systems Anarchist Arguments Against Parties, and a Response 7.3 Economic Realm Evaluating Socioeconomic Class Egalitarianism and Political Autonomy Does a Ruling Class Exist? Equal Distribution of Resources Equal Protection Equal Access to Power In Sum: Need for a Qualitative Assessment Who Is in the Ruling Class? Owners of the Means of Production A More Expansive Understanding of the Ruling Class Achieving Egalitarianism The Role of the Democratic Transitionary State Public Ownership Progressive Taxation Agrarian (Land) Reform Maintaining Egalitarianism Applying Libertarian Principles After the Revolution Balancing Freedom and Equality Guiding Principles for Sustaining Egalitarianism Addressing Concerns About Wealth Redistribution Prefiguring Respect for Property Rights Avoiding Inflation During the Revolution From Liberal to Egalitarian Democracy 7.4 Cultural Realm The Challenge of Cultural Transformation From Neoliberalism to Libertarian Social Democracy The Culture of Neoliberalism Libertarian Social Democracy in the USA Libertarian Mixed Economy The Democratic Transitionary State Post-Imperialism Imperialism in US History Democracy and Human Rights Promotion After the Revolution 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Revolutionary Strategy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Terminology Reformist Strategy Revolutionary Strategy Hybrid Strategy 8.3 Revolutionary Versus Reformist Strategy Revolutionary Versus Reformist Strategy in the USA over Time Overview of the Argument and Key Variables The First Liberal Era (Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) The Post–-World War II Era (1945–75) The Neo-liberal Era (1975-Present) Segue to In-Depth Comparison of Strategies in the Current Era Revolutionary Versus Reformist Strategy in the USA Today Strategies Compared Goals Considered Goal 1: Reformist Objectives (Utility Maximization) All Three Strategic Approaches Can Achieve Reform Elite Theoretic and Pluralist Scenarios Magnitude of Progressive Reforms Achieved Goal 2: Revolutionary Objectives (Achieving a Post-class Society) Two Paths to Revolution: “One Big Event” Versus The “Process View” Legitimacy from Reforms Won (Policy Legitimacy) Good and Bad Effects of Progressive Reforms Cancel Out Legitimacy from Participation (Participatory Legitimacy) Law of Asymptotes The Law of Asymptotes Applied Domestically Liberal Democracy Is Less Distant from Equal Liberty The Limits of Reformism Limits of Prefigurative Autonomous Zones In Sum: Revolutionary Strategy Is Optimal in Unequal Democracies 8.4 Limits of Reformism in the USA Circumventing the Two-Party System The Challenge of Minor Party Success in the USA Minor Party Attempts in Recent US History Transforming the Democratic Party Some Early Attempts to Transform the Democratic Party Electing Progressive Democrats Progressive District Attorneys and Local Representatives Progressive Democrat Victories in Congress Limits of Progressive Democrat Success in Congress Bernie Sanders Presidential Campaigns 8.5 Revolutionary Coalition Terminology and Roadmap for this Part of the Chapter Coalition Ideology: Why Not a Partisan Left-Wing Approach? Reason 1: Practical Challenges of Building a Socialist Revolutionary Movement Today Historical Context: The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Party Developments During the Neoliberal Era (1975–Present) The Challenge of Partisan-Left Revolution Within the USA Reason 2: Partisan-Left Strategy May Not Be Equal Liberty Maximizing Other Benefits of the Non-partisan Approach Coalition Participants: Civil Society and State Actors Civil Society Groups What Is Civil Society? Political Parties Labor Unions and Working Class Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Individuals Role for State Actors? Coalition Participants and Ideology: The Inclusivity-Cohesion Tradeoff The Tradeoff Cohesion Within the Libertarian Socialist (Partisan-Left) Coalition Cohesion Within the Libertarian Social Democratic (Non-partisan) Coalition Revolutionary Organization: A Decentralized Approach Revolutionary Vanguard Party? Advantages of a Decentralized Organizational Approach International Allies 8.6 Revolutionary Tactics Tactical Pluralism Electoral Boycott (Low Risk) Abstention: A “Non-tactic” Arguments Against Electoral Abstentionism and Counter-arguments Independent Assemblies (Medium Risk) The Potential of Independent Assemblies Guidelines for Assembly Effectiveness Ethical Boundaries on Inclusivity Collective Decision-Making Balancing Inclusivity and Vetting Assembly Security and Vigilance Commitment to Revolutionary Strategy Militant Action (High Risk) Seizing National Power Prospects for a Non-violent Revolution When Might Militant Actions Be Justified? The Military and Revolutionary Change Avoiding a Care Gap During the Revolution Can State and Municipal Services Be Relied on During the Revolution? The Role of Non-state Organizations During a Social Revolution 8.7 Hybrid Strategy (After Social Revolution) 8.8 Conclusion References Conclusion Transformative Changes Advanced Integrating Comparative Politics Toward a Comprehensive Anarchism The Ontological Question Bringing Social Revolution Back In Another World Is Probable References Index