Analyzing moral issues

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Table of Content......Page 4
Preface......Page 12
CHAPTER 1 Moral Theory......Page 16
What Is the Purpose of Moral Theories?......Page 17
The Types of Moral Theories......Page 19
Relativism in Ethics......Page 20
Moving Beyond Ethical Relativism......Page 27
Morality and Religion......Page 31
Ethical Egoism......Page 34
Utilitarianism......Page 37
Deontology: The Ethics of Duty......Page 42
Rights-Based Ethics......Page 48
Virtue Ethics......Page 53
Conclusion......Page 58
Aristotle, from Nicomachean Ethics......Page 59
Ayn Rand, from The Fountainhead......Page 64
Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation......Page 66
John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism......Page 68
Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics......Page 71
John Rawls, from A Theory of Justice......Page 75
John Locke, from Two Treatises of Civil Government......Page 79
Nel Noddings, from Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education......Page 81
Confucius, from The Analects......Page 84
Thich Nhat Hanh, “The Five Mindfulness Trainings”......Page 87
Background......Page 90
The History of Abortion in the United States......Page 91
The U.S. Supreme Court Roe v. Wade Decision......Page 92
Methods of Abortion......Page 95
The Moral Issues......Page 97
Conclusion......Page 101
Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense of Abortion”......Page 102
John T. Noonan Jr., “An Almost Absolute Value in History”......Page 113
Mary Anne Warren, “The Moral Significance of Birth”......Page 118
Don Marquis, “Why Abortion Is Immoral”......Page 124
Serrin M. Foster, “Refuse to Choose: Women Deserve Better Than Abortion”......Page 129
Case Studies......Page 133
The History of Genetic Engineering......Page 138
Genetic Engineering......Page 139
Cloning......Page 141
The Moral Issues......Page 143
Julian Savulescu, “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings”......Page 151
Yin Ren, “Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering”......Page 158
Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams, “Human Cloning: Ethical and Social Issues”......Page 162
Leon Kass, “The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of Humans”......Page 169
Chester S. Chuang and Denys T. Lau, “The Pros and Cons of Gene Patents”......Page 177
James R. Langevin, “Statement in Support of H.R. 810, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act”......Page 180
Case Studies......Page 181
What Is Euthanasia?......Page 187
The Philosophers on Euthanasia......Page 188
The Contemporary Debate over Euthanasia......Page 190
Euthanasia Legislation......Page 191
Physician-Assisted Suicide......Page 192
The Hospice Movement......Page 194
The Moral Issues......Page 195
Conclusion......Page 199
James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia”......Page 200
Margaret Pabst Battin, “The Case for Euthanasia”......Page 205
J. Gay - Williams, “The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia”......Page 213
John Hardwig, “Is There a Duty to Die?”......Page 217
Susan M. Wolf, “A Feminist Critique of Physician-Assisted Suicide”......Page 224
Case Studies......Page 231
The Death Penalty Today......Page 237
The Medicalization of Executions......Page 241
The Philosophers on the Death Penalty......Page 242
The Moral Issues......Page 244
Conclusion......Page 248
Ernest van den Haag, “The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense of Capital Punishment”......Page 249
Christopher W. Morris, “Punishment and Loss of Moral Standing”......Page 254
Hugo Adam Bedau, “Capital Punishment”......Page 260
Jeffrey Reiman, “Why the Death Penalty Should Be Abolished in the United States”......Page 270
Helen Prejean, “Would Jesus Pull the Switch?”......Page 276
Case Studies......Page 281
What Is a Drug?......Page 287
The History of Drug and Alcohol Use......Page 288
Legal and Illegal Drugs......Page 289
Drug and Alcohol Use Today......Page 290
Drug and Alcohol Use Among College Students......Page 292
Drugs in Sports......Page 293
The Disease Model of Addiction......Page 294
The Philosophers on Drug and Alcohol Abuse......Page 295
The Moral Issues......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 298
Thomas Szasz, “The Ethics of Addiction”......Page 299
James Q. Wilson, “Against the Legalization of Drugs”......Page 307
Douglas N. Husak, “A Moral Right to Use Drugs”......Page 316
Laura Dean - Mooney and John McCardell, “Two Takes on the 21 Drinking Age”......Page 323
Thomas H. Murray, “Drugs, Sports, and Ethics”......Page 326
Case Studies......Page 332
Religious and Cultural Attitudes Toward Sexuality and Marriage......Page 339
Sexual Intimacy and Love......Page 340
Marriage......Page 341
Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriages......Page 342
Cohabitation and Premarital Sex......Page 343
The Philosophers on Sexuality and Marriage......Page 344
Sex and Violence......Page 345
Prostitution and the Sex Trade......Page 346
The Moral Issues......Page 347
Conclusion......Page 349
The Vatican, “Declaration on Sexual Ethics”......Page 350
Sara Ruddick, “Better Sex”......Page 354
Michael Ruse, “Is Homosexuality Bad Sexuality?”......Page 362
Margaret H. Marshall and Robert J. Cordy, Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003)......Page 369
Richard Wasserstrom, “Is Adultery Immoral?”......Page 378
Case Studies......Page 385
Feminism......Page 391
The Philosophers on Women......Page 395
Motherhood......Page 396
Women in the Workplace......Page 398
Sexual Harassment......Page 400
The Moral Issues......Page 401
Conclusion......Page 402
Ruth Groenhout, “Essentialist Challenges to Liberal Feminism”......Page 403
Linda Hirshman, “Homeward Bound”......Page 412
Gloria Steinem, “Women Are Never Front-Runners”......Page 418
Steven Goldberg, “The Logic of Patriarchy”......Page 420
Katie Roiphe, “Reckless Eyeballing: Sexual Harassment on Campus”......Page 427
Case Studies......Page 434
What Is “Freedom of Speech”?......Page 439
Limitations on Freedom of Speech......Page 440
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution......Page 441
Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace......Page 442
Pornography......Page 443
Hate Speech as Protected Speech......Page 446
Speech Codes and Free Speech Zones on College Campuses......Page 447
The Philosophers on Freedom of Speech......Page 448
The Moral Issues......Page 449
Conclusion......Page 452
John Stuart Mill, from On Liberty......Page 453
Catharine A. MacKinnon, “Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech”......Page 461
Charles R. Lawrence III, “If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus”......Page 469
Nadine Strossen, “Hate Speech and Pornography: Do We Have to Choose Between Freedom of Speech and Equality?”......Page 478
Stanley Fish, “There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech, and It’s a Good Thing, Too”......Page 487
Alan M. Dershowitz, “Political Correctness, Speech Codes, and Diversity”......Page 493
Cass R. Sunstein, “The First Amendment in Cyberspace”......Page 496
Case Studies......Page 500
Defining the Key Terms......Page 507
The Philosophers on Racism......Page 509
The Roots of American Racism......Page 510
Racism Today......Page 513
Globalization, Immigration, and Racism......Page 516
The Moral Issues......Page 517
Conclusion......Page 519
Lyndon B. Johnson, “To Fulfill These Rights”......Page 520
Bernard R. Boxill, “The Color-Blind Principle”......Page 523
Michael Levin, “Race, Biology, and Justice”......Page 529
Joseph H. Carens, “The Rights of Irregular Migrants”......Page 537
Thomas Pogge, “World Poverty and Human Rights”......Page 549
Case Studies......Page 555
Background......Page 562
The Philosophers on War and Terrorism......Page 563
The Just-War Tradition......Page 565
Weapons of Mass Destruction......Page 569
Pacifism and Conscription......Page 570
The Moral Issues......Page 571
Conclusion......Page 575
Elizabeth Anscombe, “War and Murder”......Page 576
C. A. J. Coady, “War and Terrorism”......Page 582
Sohail H. Hashmi, “Interpreting the Islamic Ethics of War and Peace”......Page 590
Jonathan Granoff, “Nuclear Weapons, Ethics, Morals, and Law”......Page 599
David Luban, “The War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights”......Page 604
Brian Michael Jenkins, “Should Our Arsenal against Terrorism Include Assassination?”......Page 611
Stephen Joel Trachtenberg, “Sharing the Burden”......Page 617
Case Studies......Page 621
The Legal and Moral Status of Nonhuman Animals......Page 627
The Philosophers on the Moral Value of Nonhuman Animals and the Environment......Page 629
Animal Farming, Environmental Degradation, and Vegetarianism......Page 631
Global Warming and Climate Change......Page 633
Animal Experimentation......Page 634
The Moral Issues......Page 635
Conclusion......Page 638
Tom Regan, “The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism”......Page 639
Jan Narveson, “Animal Rights Revisited”......Page 645
Peter Singer, from Animal Liberation......Page 650
Carl Cohen, “Do Animals Have Rights?”......Page 659
Aldo Leopold, “The Land Ethic”......Page 666
Bill Devall and George Sessions, “Deep Ecology”......Page 670
James Garvey “Climate Change and Moral Outrage”......Page 675
Karen J. Warren, “The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism, Revisited”......Page 682
Case Studies......Page 688
Glossary......Page 696
Endnotes......Page 702
Credits......Page 714
Index......Page 717
Back Cover......Page 738