Analytics for the Sharing Economy: Mathematics, Engineering and Business Perspectives

Contents
Introduction
	Reference
The Mathematics of Sharing
	1 Introduction
Optimization Methods: An Applications-Oriented Primer
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimization Problems
	3 Case Study: The Bike Sharing Problem
		3.1 BRP: System Model
		3.2 BRP: MILP Formulation
		3.3 Software Tools
	4 Algorithmic Approaches and ``Good Formulations\'\'
		4.1 Branch-and-Bound
		4.2 Strong, ``Large\'\' Formulations
	5 Conclusions and Further Reading
	References
Networked Systems Theory: Distributed Algorithms for Optimal Cooperation of Dynamical Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Fundamentals of Graph Theory
	3 Consensus Protocol
		3.1 Consensus for Mobile Robots Formation
	4 Distributed Optimization
	5 Conclusions
	References
On Distributed Generalized Nash Equilibrium Seeking
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sharing in Multi-Agent Cooperative and Noncooperative Systems
		1.2 Computational Game Theory and Monotone Operator Theory
		1.3 Why Operator Theory?
	2 Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problem Setup
		2.1 Mathematical Background
		2.2 Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problem
	3 Operator Theoretic Characterization
		3.1 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker System
		3.2 Monotone Games
	4 Distributed Computation via Operator Splitting
		4.1 Operator Splitting
		4.2 Distributed Computation
		4.3 Semi-Decentralized Computation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Queueing Theory in the Context  of Shared Resources
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Basic Notions of Queueing Theory
		1.2 Concrete Models
		1.3 General Principles
		1.4 Queueing Protocol
	2 Continuous Time Models
		2.1 The M/M/1 Queue
		2.2 Markov Chain Exact Results
		2.3 The M/M/c Queue
		2.4 Application to Charging Station Model
	3 Discrete Time Models
		3.1 Quality of Service
		3.2 Bounds for Stationary Distribution
		3.3 The Operator\'s Cost of Service
		3.4 Bound for the Customer\'s Quality of Service
		3.5 Binomial Distribution
		3.6 Bound on Queue Length
		3.7 Bound on Customer Quality of Service
		3.8 Derivation of the Chernoff Bound
	4 Summary and Further Directions
	References
Enablers for Collaborative Consumption
	1Introduction
	Part2
Advances in Cloud Computing, Wireless Communications and the Internet of Things
	1 Introduction
	2 Cloud Computing
		2.1 Virtualization
		2.2 Application Development on the Cloud
		2.3 Edge and Fog Computing
	3 Wireless Connectivity
		3.1 Mobile Networks
		3.2 Low Power Wide Area Networks
	4 Internet of Things
		4.1 IoT Devices
		4.2 Connecting IoT Devices
		4.3 Inter-operating Networks
	5 Towards a Sharing Economy
		5.1 OpenMTC
		5.2 Case Study: Car Sharing
	6 Conclusion
	References
Distributed Ledger Technologies  and the Collaborative Economy
	1 Introduction
	2 The Blockchain
		2.1 Bitcoin and the Blockchain
		2.2 Bitcoin Addresses
		2.3 Consensus and Proof of Work
	3 DAGS, an Alternative to Blockchain?
		3.1 Double Spending Attack and Tips Selection Algorithms
	4 DLTs as Database
	5 Conclusion
	References
Sharing Economy: A Business Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Overview
	3 Drivers of Sharing Economy Diffusion
		3.1 Economic Drivers
		3.2 Technological Drivers
		3.3 Social Drivers
		3.4 Environmental Drivers
	4 The Four Business Principles of the Sharing Economy
	5 The Five Key Sectors of the Sharing Economy
	6 Business Models Classification in Sharing Economy
	7 Revenue Streams
	8 Conclusions
	References
Distributed Algorithms for Internet-of-Things-Enabled Prosumer Markets: A Control Theoretic Perspective
	1 Introduction and Setting
	2 Prosumer Markets and Communities
		2.1 Prior Work
		2.2 Contribution
	3 Problem Statement
	4 Algorithms for Community-Based Prosumer Markets
		4.1 Optimality Conditions
		4.2 Algorithm for Consumption
		4.3 Algorithm for Coupled Prosumption
	5 Use Cases
		5.1 Community-Based Car Sharing
		5.2 Collaborative Energy Storage
	6 Simulation Results
	7 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Negotiation Approaches for Sharing Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Organizational Basis for Negotiation in Sharing Systems
		2.1 Sharing System Organizations and Their Motivation
		2.2 An Example Setup to Illustrate Further Developments
	3 Pool-Based Approach to Sharing Systems
		3.1 Organization and Agents
		3.2 Mathematical Formulation
		3.3 Properties and Limitations
		3.4 Example Application Results
	4 Peer-to-Peer Approaches
		4.1 Organization and Agents
		4.2 Mathematical Formulation
		4.3 Expression of Preferences
		4.4 Implication for Prices
		4.5 Example Application Results
	5 Community-Based Approaches
		5.1 Organization and Agent Description
		5.2 Mathematical Formulation
		5.3 Social Contracts
		5.4 Example Application Results
	6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Behaviour Change for the Sharing Economy
	1 An Introduction to Behaviour Change
		1.1 Behaviour Change and the Sharing Economy
	2 Structuring a Behaviour Change Project
		2.1 Expectation Management
		2.2 The Intervention Design Process
		2.3 Behaviour Change Intervention
	3 Tools of Behaviour Change
		3.1 COM-B Model
		3.2 Behaviour Change Wheel
		3.3 Taxonomy of Behaviour Change Techniques
	4 Examples of Domains with Active Behaviour Change Research
		4.1 Recycling
		4.2 Smoking
		4.3 Patients
	5 Conclusion
	References
Platforms and New Use Cases
	1Introduction
Sharing Data in Automotive Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Sharing Data Within an Organization and Sharing Data with Your R&D Partners
	3 Sharing Data in Mobility-as-a-Service Ecosystems
	4 Sharing Data to Validate and Certify Highly Automated Mobility Services
	5 Sharing Data to Optimize Mobility Related Infrastructure Usage
	6 Societal Impact of Data Sharing—Example Mobility
	7 Technical and Non Technical Hurdles to Overcome with Data Sharing
	8 Conclusions
	References
On Parsing Shared Information: An Application from the Connected Car Domain
	1 Introduction
	2 The Reference Scenario
		2.1 Notation
	3 The Service
		3.1 Route Prediction Module
		3.2 Route Parsing Engine
		3.3 Link Controller
		3.4 Load Balancer
		3.5 Route Determination Module
	4 Experimental Validation
		4.1 Irregular Obstructions
		4.2 Regular Obstructions
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Mobility on Demand in the United States
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 What Is Mobility on Demand (MOD)?
	4 How Does MOD Differ from Mobility as a Service?
	5 The MOD Ecosystem: Marketplace, Stakeholders, and Enablers
		5.1 The MOD Marketplace: Supply, Demand, and Operational Management
		5.2 Enablers
		5.3 Stakeholders
	6 MOD Opportunities and Challenges
	7 Partnerships Between Public Transportation and MOD Service Providers
	8 FTA\'s MOD Sandbox Demonstration Program
	9 FTA MOD Sandbox: Case Studies
		9.1 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Scoop Carpooling Demonstration Project
		9.2 Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA) Innovative Paratransit Demonstration Project
		9.3 MOD Sandbox Early Lessons Learned
	10 Automation and the Future of MOD
	11 Conclusion
	References
Data-Driven Rebalancing Methods  for Bike-Share Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 User Dissatisfaction Function
	4 Overnight Rebalancing
		4.1 Integer Programming Formulation
		4.2 Solution Methods
		4.3 Results
	5 Trikes
		5.1 Model
		5.2 Results
	6 Corrals
		6.1 Model
		6.2 Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
	1 Introduction
	2 Business Models
		2.1 Behind-the-Meter Trading
		2.2 Local Flexibility
		2.3 Multi-class Energy Trading
		2.4 Federated Power Plant Formation
	3 Prosumer-Centric Market Design Frameworks
		3.1 Price-Based Distributed Optimisation
		3.2 Mean-Field Game Theory
		3.3 Stackelberg Leader-Follower Games
		3.4 Double-Sided Auctions
		3.5 Cooperative Energy Sharing
		3.6 Networked Matching Markets
	4 Networked Matching Markets for Behind-the-Meter and Local Flexibility P2P Energy Trading
		4.1 Bilateral Contract Framework
		4.2 Prosumer Preferences
		4.3 Supplier Preferences
		4.4 Stability and Competitive Equilibrium
		4.5 Price Negotiation
		4.6 Contract Selection
	5 Case Studies
	6 Conclusion
	References
Healthcare and the Sharing Economy
	1 The Relevance of the Sharing Economy to Healthcare
	2 The Economics of Sharing
	3 Case Studies: Shaping the Healthcare Sharing Economy
		3.1 Heal: Improving Access to Primary Care
		3.2 Nomad Health: Shaking Up Medical Recruitment
		3.3 MedSpeed: Improving Access to Underutilized Medical Equipment
		3.4 Connectus: On-Demand Dialysis Machines for Patients
	4 Three Sharing Models ch17Wallenstein2017b
	5 Benefits and Challenges of Applying Sharing Economics to Healthcare
	6 Conclusion
	References
Industry4.0
	1 Introduction
	2 The Fundamental Building Block: Connected Machines
	3 Digital Manufacturing
		3.1 Makers: Where It All Started
		3.2 Production Monitoring and Planning
		3.3 Personal Fabrication
		3.4 Distributed Factories
	4 Digitization of Manufacturing
		4.1 Digital Twins
	5 Cybersecurity and Digital Identity for Objects, People and More
		5.1 Decentralized, Self Sovereign Identity for All
	6 Using AI for Innovative Services
		6.1 AI for the Digital Twin
		6.2 AI for the Digital Supply Network
		6.3 Predictive Maintenance
	7 Innovative Business Models and Services
		7.1 Optimization of Production and Smart Scheduling
		7.2 Machine Economy
	References
Industry 4.0 and The Sharing Economy
	1 Shipping Data Instead of Items
	2 Manufacturing Disruption
	3 Enablers of the Prosumer Society
	4 The Implications of the Prosumer Society
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Conclusion