Analytical Sociology: Actions and Networks

Analytical Sociology: Actions and Networks......Page 0
Contents......Page 5
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 13
About the Editor......Page 15
List of Contributors......Page 17
Introduction......Page 19
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 1......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 The Principles of Analytical Sociology......Page 25
1.3 Clarity (P1)......Page 28
1.4 Description (P2)......Page 30
1.5 Generative Models (P3)......Page 32
1.6 Structural Methodological Individualism (P4a)......Page 35
1.7 Logics of Action (P4b)......Page 39
1.8 Structural Interdependency (P4c)......Page 45
1.9 Agent-Based Modeling (P5)......Page 47
1.10 Back to Data (P6 and P7)......Page 53
1.11 Concluding Remarks......Page 55
1.12 How to Read this Book......Page 58
References......Page 59
Further Reading......Page 70
Part I: ACTIONS......Page 71
Foundational Issues......Page 72
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 2......Page 73
2 Analytical Sociology and Rational-Choice Theory......Page 75
2.1 Rational-Choice Theory......Page 76
2.2 Sociological Rational-Choice Theory......Page 77
2.3 Analytical Sociology as a Meta-Theory......Page 78
2.4.1 Mechanism-Based Explanation......Page 79
2.4.2 Realism......Page 80
2.4.3 Theories of Middle Range......Page 81
2.5 The Puzzle......Page 82
2.6 The Assumed Special Role of RCT......Page 83
2.7 Conclusion......Page 85
References......Page 87
Further Reading......Page 88
Crime and Voting......Page 89
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 3......Page 90
3 Why Crime Happens: A Situational Action Theory......Page 92
3.1 Situational Action Theory......Page 93
3.2 Explaining Crime......Page 94
3.3 The Situational Model......Page 95
3.4 The Situational Process......Page 96
3.4.1 Motivation......Page 97
3.4.3 The Process of Choice: Habits and Deliberation......Page 98
3.5 The Social Model......Page 100
3.6 Integrating the Social and Situational Models......Page 102
3.7.1 The Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study......Page 103
3.7.2 Measuring Crime, Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure......Page 104
3.7.3 Crime Involvement by Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure......Page 105
3.7.4 The Impact of Criminogenic Exposure on Crime for Groups with Different Levels of Crime Propensity......Page 106
3.8 Explaining Crime Concentrations (Hot Spots)......Page 108
References......Page 110
Further Reading......Page 112
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 4......Page 113
4.1 Introduction......Page 115
4.2.1 Frames, Scripts, and Actions......Page 117
4.2.2 Dual-processes: Spontaneous vs. Reflected Modes of Selection......Page 118
4.2.3 The Determinants of Variable Rationality......Page 122
4.3 Hypotheses and Previous Applications......Page 124
4.4.1 Theory......Page 126
4.4.2 Data and Measures......Page 130
4.4.3 Results......Page 131
4.5 Applying the MFS to Study Social Dynamics......Page 133
4.5.1 The MFS and the Study of Social Movements and Collective Action......Page 134
4.5.2 Strategic Interaction with Variable Rationality and Framing......Page 135
4.6 Conclusion......Page 136
References......Page 137
Further Reading......Page 141
Historical Violence......Page 142
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 5......Page 143
5.1 Strange Fruits on Southern Trees......Page 145
5.2 Analytical Sociology......Page 146
5.3 Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA)......Page 147
5.3.1 Step 1: Story Grammars......Page 148
5.3.2 Step 2: PC-ACE (Program for Computer-Assisted Coding of Events)......Page 150
5.3.3 Step 3: Data Analysis: Actor-Centered vs. Variable-Centered Tools of Analysis......Page 152
5.4 Of Sequences......Page 157
5.5 Of Time and Space......Page 160
5.6 Conclusions......Page 162
References......Page 164
Further Reading......Page 165
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 6......Page 167
6.1 Introduction......Page 169
6.2 Theories about Witches and Research on State Making......Page 171
6.3 Towards a Theory of Persecution......Page 173
6.3.1 Communities......Page 174
6.4 Witch-Hunting in Scotland......Page 175
6.5.1 Prosecution as Career Device I: Waves of Witch-Hunting and their Historical Correlates......Page 177
6.5.2 Prosecution as Career Device II: Witch-Hunters Become Justices of the Peace......Page 179
6.5.3 Competing Explanations I: The Godly State Ideology......Page 180
6.5.4 Competing Explanations II: Witches as Scapegoats for Disaster......Page 181
6.6 Discussion......Page 182
References......Page 183
Further Reading......Page 186
Trust and Cooperation......Page 187
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 7......Page 188
7.1 Introduction......Page 190
7.2 Cooperation Problems in Dyadic Settings......Page 192
7.2.1 Models of Trust Problem......Page 193
7.2.2 Cooperation Mechanisms in Embedded Settings......Page 196
7.2.3 Empirical Research on Trust in Embedded Settings......Page 197
7.2.5 Network Embeddedness......Page 198
7.3 Cooperation Problems Involving More than Two Actors......Page 199
7.3.1 Reciprocity and Non-Standard Utility Models......Page 201
7.3.2 Empirical Evidence on Heterogeneous Preferences......Page 202
7.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks......Page 205
References......Page 208
Further Reading......Page 212
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 8......Page 214
Baldassarri’s Preface to Chapter 8......Page 216
8 The Impact of Elections on Cooperation: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Uganda......Page 219
8.1 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses......Page 221
8.2 Research Site, Sampling, and Experimental Design......Page 224
8.3 Research Site......Page 225
8.5 Experimental Design......Page 226
8.6 Experimental Findings......Page 228
8.7 Monitors’ Sanctioning Behavior......Page 232
8.8 Discussion of the Experimental Part......Page 234
8.9 Observational Data......Page 235
8.10 Comparing Behavior in the Experiment and Real Life......Page 237
8.11 Conclusion......Page 239
Supporting Information......Page 241
Appendix 8.A......Page 242
References......Page 246
Further Reading......Page 250
Part II: NETWORKS......Page 251
Collective Action......Page 252
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 9......Page 253
9 Social Networks and Agent-Based Modelling......Page 255
9.1 Social Network Properties......Page 256
9.1.1 Surveys of Personal Networks......Page 257
9.2.2 Random Graph Local Networks......Page 261
9.2.3 Two-Dimensional Lattices or Grid-Based Networks......Page 262
9.2.5 Biased or Structured Random Networks......Page 263
9.3 Networks as Pipes: A Basic Demonstration......Page 264
9.3.1 Global Networks and Group Size......Page 266
9.3.2 Results with Network Construction Methods......Page 269
9.4 Discussion......Page 274
References......Page 275
Further Reading......Page 278
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 10......Page 279
10 Online Networks and the Diffusion of Protest......Page 281
10.1.1 Models of Diffusion......Page 282
10.1.2 Case Study......Page 284
10.2 Thresholds and Critical Mass......Page 286
10.3 Networks and Social Influence......Page 289
10.4 Conclusion: Digital Data and Analytical Sociology......Page 293
References......Page 294
Further Reading......Page 296
Homophily and Status Hierarchies......Page 297
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 11......Page 298
11.1 Introduction......Page 300
11.2 A Formal Framework......Page 301
11.3 Balance Theory......Page 302
11.4 Homophily (H-theory)......Page 305
11.5 Baseline Structures......Page 306
11.6 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for Balance Theory......Page 307
11.7 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for H-theory......Page 309
11.8 The Dynamic Interaction of Balance and H-theories......Page 311
Appendix 11.A: Micro–Macro Inferences and Scale......Page 312
References......Page 313
Further Reading......Page 314
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 12......Page 315
12.1 Introduction......Page 317
12.2.1 Biased Urn Model Without Replacement for Network Formation......Page 319
12.2.2 Role of Group Size for Homophily......Page 323
12.3.1 Hypotheses......Page 326
12.3.2 Data and Method......Page 327
12.4 Results......Page 328
12.5 Conclusion......Page 330
References......Page 331
Further Reading......Page 332
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 13......Page 333
13.1 Introduction......Page 335
13.2 Previous Models......Page 337
13.3 E-state Structuralism: A Very Brief Review with an Add-On......Page 339
13.4 Case Study: Strategies and Discussions in Massively Multi-Player Online Games......Page 342
13.5 Analysis of the Model......Page 344
13.6 Empirical Test/Validation of the Model......Page 349
13.7 Conclusions......Page 354
References......Page 355
Further Reading......Page 356
Labour Market Inequality......Page 357
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 14......Page 358
14.1 Introduction......Page 360
14.2.1 The Rise of Turbulence in Individual Employment Trajectories......Page 361
14.2.2 Inequality in Insecurity......Page 362
14.3.1 Network Structure and Inequality in Information......Page 364
14.3.2 Our Approach......Page 366
14.4.1 The Simulation Environment......Page 367
14.4.2 Implementation......Page 368
14.4.3 Experimental Structure......Page 371
14.5 Results......Page 373
14.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 380
Technical Appendix 14.A: Detailed Description of jobMatch Simulation Model......Page 382
References......Page 385
Further Reading......Page 388
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 15......Page 389
15.1 Introduction......Page 391
15.2.1 Experimental Design......Page 394
15.2.3 Subjects......Page 396
15.3.1 Index Values......Page 397
15.3.2 Hierarchical Models......Page 400
15.3.3 From Traditional Testing Toward Finding Indicators for Mechanisms......Page 403
15.4 Discussion......Page 409
References......Page 411
Further Reading......Page 414
Organization Similarity......Page 415
Editor’s Introduction to Chapter 16......Page 416
16.1 Introduction......Page 418
16.2 Similarity and the Duality of Organizations and their Audiences......Page 419
16.3 Organizational Similarity, Audiences, and Arguments for Extending Structural Equivalence......Page 421
16.4 A Representation for Dual Similarity of Organizations and their Audiences......Page 424
16.5 Empirical Illustration: The Duality of Restaurants and their Reviewers......Page 425
16.6 Similarity as a Basis for Prediction: Validating the Model......Page 426
16.7 Discussion, Implications, and Limitations......Page 430
References......Page 433
Further Reading......Page 436
Coda......Page 437
Problem Shift in Sociology: Mechanisms, Generic Instruments, and Fractals......Page 438
Index......Page 445