Analytical Archaeometry

Contents......Page 10
ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Detecting and Imaging Optical Radiation......Page 27
1.3 RGB D-SLRs for NUV, Visible, Fluorescence and NIR Imaging......Page 33
1.4 Uncovering Underdrawings: SWIR Reflectography......Page 48
1.5 Spectral Imaging......Page 52
1.6 X-Ray Radiography......Page 56
1.7 Conclusions......Page 60
References......Page 61
2.1 Introduction......Page 68
2.2 Basic Vibrational Spectroscopy......Page 70
2.4 Conclusions......Page 75
References......Page 77
3.1 Introduction......Page 78
3.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)......Page 89
3.3 Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)......Page 99
3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS)......Page 105
3.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)......Page 114
References......Page 121
4.1 Introduction......Page 133
4.2 Radiocarbon in Nature......Page 134
4.3 A Complex Dating Technique in all its Simplicity......Page 138
4.4 Dating a Sample......Page 144
References......Page 149
5.1 Introduction......Page 151
5.2 Gas Chromatography......Page 153
5.3 Liquid Chromatography......Page 165
5.4 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 170
References......Page 171
6.1 Introduction......Page 182
6.2 Short History......Page 183
6.4 Instrumentation......Page 184
6.5 Application of Mass Spectrometry in Archaeometry......Page 195
References......Page 211
7.1 Introduction......Page 229
7.2 Methodology......Page 230
7.3 Archaeometric Applications......Page 236
References......Page 253
8.1 Introduction......Page 264
8.2 The Analytical Techniques and their Potential......Page 267
8.3 Inside the Technology......Page 270
8.4 Conclusion: the Future, Mobile Instruments and Onsite Analysis......Page 280
References......Page 281
9.1 Technology of Ancient Glasses......Page 287
9.2 Chemical Structure of Silicate Glasses......Page 298
9.3 Alteration of Glasses......Page 300
References......Page 307
10.1 Introduction......Page 310
10.2 Instruments and Their Use......Page 311
10.3 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 332
References......Page 333
11.1 Introduction......Page 337
11.2 Experimental......Page 344
11.3 Spectroscopic Studies of Obsidian......Page 348
11.4 Conclusions......Page 359
References......Page 360
12.2 Terminology......Page 364
12.3 The Physical Nature of Colour......Page 365
12.4 The Application of Colorants......Page 366
12.5 Classes of Colorants......Page 367
12.6 Analysis of Colorants......Page 368
12.7 Case Study of Historical Pigments: A Survey of Analytical Archaeometric Usage and Terminology......Page 371
12.8 Conclusions......Page 378
References......Page 379
13.1 Introduction: Background and Context......Page 380
13.2 Structure and Materials of Panel and Canvas Paintings......Page 381
13.3 A Review of the Physicochemical Methods for the Characterisation of the Materials and Techniques of Panel and Canvas Paintings......Page 385
13.4 Science in the Service of Original Paintings—The Collection of the National Gallery of Greece......Page 397
References......Page 409
14.1 Introduction—General Context......Page 418
14.2 Specificities of Ancient Ferrous Metals......Page 419
14.3 Different Frames for the Study of Corrosion of Archaeological Ferrous Metals......Page 421
14.4 Corrosion in Aqueous Media......Page 423
14.5 Characterisation Techniques......Page 429
14.6 The Corrosion Patterns......Page 438
14.7 Conclusion......Page 441
References......Page 442
15.1 Introduction......Page 445
15.2 Classification of Resins, Fossil Resins, Solid Bitumens and Other Carbonaceous Compounds......Page 448
15.3 Techniques for Investigation of Resins, Fossil Resins and Solid Bitumens......Page 452
15.4 Conclusion......Page 461
References......Page 462
16.1 Introduction......Page 468
16.3 Visual identification of Ivory Species......Page 469
16.4 Cultural and Legal Implications of Ivory Identification......Page 471
16.5 Raman Spectroscopic Analysis and Ivory Identification......Page 473
16.6 Protocols for Raman Spectroscopic analysis of Ivories......Page 477
16.7 Conclusion......Page 484
References......Page 485
17.1 Introduction......Page 487
17.2 Experimental......Page 488
17.3 Results and Discussion......Page 490
17.4 Conclusions......Page 497
References......Page 498
SELECTED RESEARCH THEMES......Page 500
18.1 Introduction......Page 502
18.2 Identification......Page 504
18.3 Current Research Directions......Page 506
18.4 Conclusions......Page 516
References......Page 517
19.1 Introduction......Page 521
19.2 Description of Material......Page 525
19.3 Analytical Approach......Page 531
19.4 Results......Page 536
19.5 The Production of Decorative Underglaze Painted Tiles......Page 537
Acknowledgement......Page 547
References......Page 548
20.1 Introduction......Page 551
20.2 The Archaeological Sites and the Materials Studied......Page 554
20.3 Results and Discussion......Page 557
20.4 Conclusion......Page 565
References......Page 566
Subject Index......Page 569