Analytic Combustion: With Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics and Mass Transfer

Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
Contents
About the Author
Symbols and Acronyms
1 Introduction
	1.1 Importance of Thermodynamics
	1.2 Laws of Thermodynamics
	1.3 Importance of Combustion
2 Thermodynamics of a Pure Substance
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Important Definitions
		2.2.1 System, Surroundings, and Boundary
		2.2.2 Work and Heat Interactions
		2.2.3 Closed (Constant-Mass) System
		2.2.4 Open (Constant-Volume) System
		2.2.5 In-Between Systems
		2.2.6 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
		2.2.7 Properties of a System
		2.2.8 State of a System
	2.3 Behavior of a Pure Substance
		2.3.1 Pure Substance
		2.3.2 Typical Behavior
	2.4 Law of Corresponding States
	2.5 Process and Its Path
		2.5.1 Real and Quasi-static Processes
		2.5.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
		2.5.3 Cyclic Process
	2.6 First Law of Thermodynamics
		2.6.1 First Law for a Finite Process—Closed System
		2.6.2 Joule\'s Experiment
		2.6.3 Specific Heats and Enthalpy
		2.6.4 Ideal Gas Relations
		2.6.5 First Law for an Open System
	2.7 Second Law of Thermodynamics
		2.7.1 Consequence for a Finite Process—Closed System
		2.7.2 Isolated System and Universe
		2.7.3 First Law in Terms of Entropy and Gibbs Function
		2.7.4 Thermal Equilibrium
		2.7.5 Equilibrium of a General Closed System
		2.7.6 Phase-Change Processes
		2.7.7 Second Law for an Open System
3 Thermodynamics of Gaseous Mixtures
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mixture Composition
		3.2.1 Mass Fraction
		3.2.2 Mole Fraction and Partial Pressure
		3.2.3 Molar Concentration
		3.2.4 Specifying Composition
	3.3  Energy and Entropy Properties of Mixture
	3.4 Properties of Reacting Mixtures
		3.4.1 Stoichiometric Reaction
		3.4.2 Fuel–Air Ratio
		3.4.3 Equivalence Ratio Φ
		3.4.4 Effect of Φ on Product Composition
		3.4.5 Heat of Combustion or Heat of Reaction
		3.4.6 Enthalpy of Formation
		3.4.7 Entropy of Formation
		3.4.8 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
		3.4.9 Constant-Volume Heat of Reaction
	3.5 Use of Property Tables
4 Chemical Equilibrium
	4.1 Progress of a Chemical Reaction
	4.2 Dissociation Reaction
	4.3 Conditions for Chemical Equilibrium
		4.3.1 Condition for a Finite Change
		4.3.2 Consequences for an Infinitesimal Change
	4.4 Equilibrium Constant Kp
		4.4.1  Degree of Reaction
		4.4.2 Derivation of Kp
	4.5 Problems on Chemical Equilibrium
		4.5.1  Single Reaction
		4.5.2 Two-Step Reactions
		4.5.3 Multistep Reactions
		4.5.4 Constant-Volume Combustion
5 Chemical Kinetics
	5.1 Importance of Chemical Kinetics
	5.2 Reformed View of a Reaction
	5.3 Reaction Rate Formula
		5.3.1 Types of Elementary Reactions
		5.3.2 Rate Formula for  A + B rightarrowC + D
		5.3.3  Tri- and Unimolecular Reactions
		5.3.4 Relation Between Rate Coefficient and Kp
	5.4 Construction of Global Reaction Rate
		5.4.1 Useful Approximations
		5.4.2 Zeldovich Mechanism of NO Formation
		5.4.3  Quasi-global Mechanism
	5.5 Global Rates for Hydrocarbon Fuels
6 Derivation of Transport Equations
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Navier–Stokes Equations
	6.3 Equation of Mass Transfer
		6.3.1 Species Conservation
		6.3.2 Element Conservation
	6.4 Energy Equation
	6.5 Two-Dimensional Boundary Layer Flow Model
		6.5.1 Governing Equations
		6.5.2 Boundary and Initial Conditions
	6.6 One Dimensional Stefan Flow Model
	6.7 Reynolds Flow Model
	6.8 One Dimensional Couette Flow Model
		6.8.1 Momentum Equation
		6.8.2 Scalar Transport Equation
		6.8.3 Special Case of Pure Heat Transfer
	6.9 Turbulence Models
		6.9.1  Basis of Modeling
		6.9.2 Modeling |u\'| and l
7 Thermochemical Reactors
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Plug Flow Reactor
		7.2.1 Governing Equations
		7.2.2 Nonadiabatic PFTCR
	7.3 Well-Stirred Reactor
		7.3.1 Governing Equations
		7.3.2 Steady-State WSTCR
		7.3.3 Loading Parameters
	7.4  Constant-Mass Reactor
		7.4.1  Constant-Volume CMTCR
		7.4.2  Variable-Volume CMTCR
8 Premixed Flames
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Laminar Premixed Flames
		8.2.1 Laminar Flame Speed
		8.2.2 Approximate Prediction of Sl and δ
		8.2.3 Refined Prediction of Sl and δ
		8.2.4 Correlations for Sl and δ
	8.3 Turbulent Premixed Flames
	8.4 Flame Stabilization
	8.5 Externally Aided Ignition
		8.5.1 Spherical Propagation
		8.5.2 Plane Propagation
	8.6 Self- or Auto-ignition
		8.6.1 Ignition Delay and Fuel Rating
		8.6.2 Estimation of Ignition Delay
	8.7 Flammability Limits
	8.8 Flame Quenching
9 Diffusion Flames
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Laminar Diffusion Flames
		9.2.1 Velocity Prediction
		9.2.2 Flame Length and Shape Prediction
		9.2.3 Correlations
		9.2.4 Solved Problems
	9.3 Turbulent Diffusion Flames
		9.3.1 Velocity Prediction
		9.3.2 Flame Length and Shape Prediction
		9.3.3 Correlations for Lf
		9.3.4 Correlations for Liftoff and Blowout
	9.4 Solved Problems
	9.5 Burner Design
10 Combustion of Particles and Droplets
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Governing Equations
	10.3 Droplet Evaporation
		10.3.1 Inert Mass Transfer without Heat Transfer
		10.3.2 Inert Mass Transfer with Heat Transfer
	10.4 Droplet Combustion
		10.4.1 Droplet Burn Rate
		10.4.2 Interpretation of B
		10.4.3 Flame Front Radius and Temperature
	10.5 Solid Particle Combustion
		10.5.1 Stages of Combustion
		10.5.2 Char Burning
11 Combustion Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2  Wood-Burning Cookstove
		11.2.1 CTARA Experimental Stove
		11.2.2 Modeling Considerations
		11.2.3 Zonal Modeling
		11.2.4 Radiation Model
		11.2.5 Output Parameters
		11.2.6 Reference Stove Specifications
		11.2.7 Comparison with Measurements
		11.2.8 Effect of Parametric Variations
		11.2.9  Overall Conclusions
	11.3 Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln
		11.3.1 VSBK Construction and Operation
		11.3.2 Modeling Assumptions
		11.3.3 Coal Burning
		11.3.4 Model Equations
		11.3.5 Inlet and Exit Conditions
		11.3.6 Results for the Reference Case
		11.3.7 Parametric Studies
		11.3.8  Overall Conclusions
	11.4 Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber
		11.4.1 Combustor Designs
		11.4.2 Idealization
		11.4.3 Computed Results
Appendix A Thermochemistry Data
A.1  Curve-Fit Coefficients
Appendix B Curve-Fit Coefficients for ΔHc, Tad, Kp, Cp, h, and s
B.1  Heat of Combustion
B.2  Adiabatic Flame Temperature (0.4leqΦleq1.4)
B.3  Equilibrium Constant
B.4  Specific Heat, Enthalpy, Entropy
Appendix C Properties of Fuels
Appendix D Thermophysical and Transport Properties  of Gases
Appendix E Atmospheric Data
Appendix F Binary Diffusion Coefficients
Appendix  Bibliography
Index