Analysis Without Measurement

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Dedication......Page 15
1.1 Purpose......Page 16
1.2 A reader's guide......Page 26
1.3 Philosophical setting......Page 32
1.4 The idea of a system......Page 40
References......Page 44
2.1 Types......Page 48
2.2 Numerical scales......Page 52
References......Page 64
Part I - Theoretical methods......Page 66
3.1 Sets, relations, and functions......Page 68
3.2 Topology, convergence, and closeness......Page 74
3.3 Uniformities......Page 84
3.4 Fixed sets and points......Page 89
References......Page 92
4.1 Semigroups of partial transformations......Page 94
4.2 A particular specification......Page 98
References......Page 103
5 - Analysis of specific systems......Page 104
5.1 Simultaneous relations......Page 105
5.2 Periodic relations......Page 110
5.3 The finite case......Page 115
5.4 Maximization......Page 121
5.5 Choice systems......Page 124
References......Page 127
6.1 Definition of a system......Page 128
6.2 Causality......Page 133
6.3 Connection and feedback......Page 139
6.4 Control......Page 143
6.5 Categories of systems......Page 146
References......Page 151
7 - Some epistemological considerations......Page 152
7.1 Dialectical analysis......Page 153
7.2 Infinity......Page 156
7.3 Change......Page 162
7.4 The geometry of space......Page 165
References......Page 169
Part II - Applications to theoretical problems......Page 172
Prologue......Page 174
8 - Political systems......Page 176
8.1 Political structure......Page 178
8.2 Solutions and cycles......Page 180
References......Page 184
9 - Planning......Page 186
9.1 A planner's view of society......Page 190
9.2 Change over time......Page 194
9.3 Operational planning......Page 196
References......Page 199
10 - Simultaneous change and modernization......Page 200
10.1 Society......Page 203
10.2 Evolution......Page 207
10.3 An alternative perspective......Page 212
10.4 Modernization......Page 214
References......Page 218
11 - Profits, optimality, and the social division of labor in the firm......Page 220
11.1 A model of the production process......Page 222
11.2 Conditions for Pareto optimality......Page 229
11.3 Conditions for profitability......Page 236
11.4 Conclusion......Page 238
Appendix......Page 240
References......Page 244
Part III - Empirical verification......Page 246
12 - Statistical background......Page 248
12.1 Preliminaries......Page 249
12.2 Probability......Page 250
12.3 Hypothesis testing and estimation......Page 258
12.4 Dependence......Page 261
References......Page 266
13 - Empirical relations among variables......Page 268
13.1 Identification......Page 269
13.2 Dummy variates......Page 276
13.3 Models with both quantifiable and nonquantifiable elements......Page 285
References......Page 288
14 - An empirical application: occupational preferences and the quality of life......Page 290
14.1 The model......Page 291
14.2 Empirical analysis......Page 293
14.3 Income and happiness......Page 303
14.4 Conclusion......Page 304
References......Page 305
15 - Getting on without measures......Page 306
References......Page 310
Index......Page 312