Analysis of evidence

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents: summary......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
Preface......Page 19
A. Introduction......Page 35
1. Whose baby I? The judgment of Solomon......Page 36
2. The intelligence analyst: an intelligence scenario “from the top-down”......Page 37
a. The doctor......Page 42
b. The detective......Page 43
b. Bywaters and Thompson......Page 44
2. Imaginative reasoning: The Nine Mile Walk (Kemelman (1947))......Page 45
3. Generalizations, stories, and arguments2......Page 52
A. Introduction: connecting the dots......Page 80
Post 9/11 investigation: an exercise......Page 86
1. Types of logical reasoning and justi.cation......Page 89
2. Abductive reasoning and the generation of a new idea......Page 90
3. Generating explanations for dots or tri.es......Page 92
1. Evidential foundations of argument......Page 94
2. On relevance......Page 96
3. The credibility of evidence and its sources......Page 97
a. Tangible evidence......Page 98
b. The credibility of testimonial evidence......Page 99
c. Ancillary evidence about testimonial credibility attributes......Page 101
d. Credibility v. competence......Page 104
D. A substance-blind approach to evidence......Page 105
B. The Rationalist Tradition......Page 112
C. Rationale......Page 121
Notes and questions on rules of evidence concerning relevance......Page 122
D. Notes on terminology and inferential relationships......Page 124
A preliminary exercise: State v. Archer (I)......Page 128
E. Probative processes and logical principles......Page 130
The exercise continues: State v. Archer (II)......Page 143
A. Introduction......Page 146
B. The methods and a protocol for their use......Page 147
2. A seven-step protocol for analysis: a generalized account......Page 148
Exercise......Page 156
A. The chart method: an overview......Page 157
B. The seven-step protocol for the chart method: a detailed account......Page 158
1. The basic Wigmorean palette9......Page 168
2. The chart method illustrated......Page 170
Partial key-list for “Preliminary opportunity chart”......Page 171
3. Additional symbols, conventions and their utility......Page 174
4. Three advantages of symbols and charting......Page 175
1. Defense counsel’s standpoint......Page 177
2. Defense investigation......Page 178
A. The outline method of analysis......Page 179
B. Analytic devices: chronologies and narratives......Page 181
1. The stages of a case and the methods of analysis......Page 183
a. The pleading stage......Page 184
b. Before the close of discovery and investigation......Page 185
c. Final trial preparation......Page 186
D. Theories, themes, stories, and situation-types......Page 187
2. The defense standpoint......Page 192
A. Introduction......Page 193
B. The trial of Bywaters and Thompson......Page 194
C. Comments......Page 253
D. Penultimate probanda, theories, and themes......Page 254
E. The chart method: application and appraisal......Page 255
G. Concepts:......Page 256
H. Other dimensions......Page 257
A. Introduction......Page 258
1. No rules of weight......Page 260
2. Traditional modes of expressing weight and probative force......Page 261
C. Standards for decision......Page 264
1. Lawyering standards......Page 265
a. Standards for lawyer-client decisions......Page 266
(i) The decision to .le a complaint......Page 268
ii. The decision to prosecute......Page 269
iii. Other pre-trial decisions......Page 270
a. Standards for decisions disposing of a case as a matter of law......Page 271
b. Standards for decisions on admissibility......Page 272
c. The case as a whole: burdens of proof and the civil and criminal standards......Page 276
d. Appellate review: standards for limiting discretion......Page 278
A. Introduction......Page 280
B. Flirtations involving law and probability......Page 281
C. Probability and the force or weight of evidence......Page 284
1. Conventional probability and Bayes’s Rule......Page 285
2. Evidential support and evidential weight: non-additive probabilistic beliefs......Page 287
3. Baconian probability and completeness of evidential coverage......Page 291
4. Wigmore and the fuzzy weight of evidence......Page 294
1. Reprise and introduction......Page 296
2. Degrees of certainty......Page 297
3. Types of generalizations......Page 299
a. Case-specific generalizations......Page 300
b. Background generalizations......Page 303
d. General knowledge......Page 304
f. Synthetic-intuitive generalizations (belief generalizations)......Page 305
b. Cognitive consensus......Page 307
5. Dangers of generalizations......Page 310
b. Experience-based and synthetic-intuitive generalizations......Page 312
Protocol for assessing the plausibility and validity of a generalization in the context of an argument......Page 313
B. Stories necessary, but dangerous......Page 314
Protocol for assessing the plausibility, coherence, and evidentiary support for a story......Page 315
C. The relationship between stories and generalizations......Page 316
Generalizations......Page 319
Stories and argument......Page 321
Questions......Page 322
A. Introduction......Page 323
B. What is the law of evidence? A Thayerite overview......Page 324
C. One law of evidence?......Page 328
E. Analyzing for admissibility......Page 329
F. Analysis under the United States Federal Rules of Evidence......Page 333
1. Of charts and other analytic devices......Page 349
2. The trial book: an organizational device......Page 351
3. The trial book: an art form......Page 357
1. Suggested format......Page 359
2. Materials for Police v. Weller......Page 360
3. Materials for Police v. Twist......Page 363
1. Introduction......Page 367
a. K. Llewellyn:Who are these men?15......Page 369
b. Bywaters and Thompson:Who is this woman?......Page 370
c. Is FordMotor Company guilty of killing girls with a Pinto?16......Page 371
1. Introduction......Page 375
Count Three......Page 377
Statement of Harold Clark......Page 378
Offense Report of Special Agent Kelso......Page 380
Statement of SallyWilliams......Page 381
Statement of HoraceWainwright......Page 384
Court’s Instructions to the Jury......Page 385
Original Petition for Contest ofWill......Page 390
Stipulations......Page 392
Statement of Susan Gearhart......Page 394
Statement of Pat Duffey, R.N.......Page 398
Statement of Ernest Potter......Page 400
Statement of JimWarren......Page 402
Charge of the Court......Page 411
A. Terms......Page 413
B. Symbols......Page 421
References......Page 422
Index......Page 430