An Introduction to Orthodontics

Cover......Page 1
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Online Resources......Page 7
Brief contents......Page 8
Detailed contents......Page 10
1 The rationale for orthodontic treatment......Page 14
1.3 Rationale for orthodontic treatment......Page 15
1.4 Potential benefits to dental health......Page 16
1.5 Potential benefits for oral health-related quality of life......Page 18
1.6 Potential risks of orthodontic treatment......Page 19
1.7 Discussing orthodontic treatment need......Page 22
2 The aetiology and classification of malocclusion......Page 24
2.1 The aetiology of malocclusion......Page 25
2.3 Commonly used classifications and indices......Page 26
2.4 Andrews’ six keys......Page 31
3 Management of the developing dentition......Page 34
3.1 Normal dental development......Page 35
3.2 Abnormalities of eruption and exfoliation......Page 37
3.3 Mixed dentition problems......Page 39
3.4 Planned extraction of deciduous teeth......Page 46
3.5 What to refer and when......Page 47
4 Craniofacial growth and the cellular basis of tooth movement......Page 50
4.2 Early craniofacial development......Page 51
4.5 Postnatal craniofacial growth......Page 53
4.6 Growth rotations......Page 56
4.7 Growth of the soft tissues......Page 57
4.9 The cellular basis of tooth movement......Page 58
4.12 Summary......Page 61
5 Orthodontic assessment......Page 64
5.2 Taking an orthodontic history......Page 65
5.3 Clinical examination in three dimensions......Page 67
5.4 Extra-oral examination......Page 68
5.5 Intra-oral examination......Page 72
5.6 Diagnostic records......Page 74
5.8 Case study: example case to demonstrate orthodontic assessment......Page 77
6 Cephalometrics......Page 84
6.1 The cephalostat......Page 85
6.2 Indications for cephalometric evaluation......Page 86
6.3 Evaluating a cephalometric radiograph......Page 87
6.5 Commonly used cephalometric points and reference lines......Page 88
6.6 Anteroposterior skeletal pattern......Page 90
6.7 Vertical skeletal pattern......Page 92
6.8 Incisor position......Page 93
6.10 Assessing growth and treatment changes......Page 94
6.12 3D cephalometric analysis......Page 96
7 Treatment planning......Page 98
7.3 Forming an orthodontic problem list......Page 99
7.5 Skeletal problems and treatment planning......Page 101
7.6 Basic principles in orthodontic treatment planning......Page 102
7.7 Space analysis......Page 103
7.8 Valid consent and the orthodontic treatment plan......Page 108
7.9 Conclusions......Page 109
7.10 Case study: example case to demonstrate treatment planning......Page 110
8 Class I......Page 114
8.2 Crowding......Page 115
8.3 Spacing......Page 118
8.5 Displaced teeth......Page 119
8.6 Vertical discrepancies......Page 120
8.8 Bimaxillary proclination......Page 121
8.9 Trauma......Page 122
9 Class II division 1......Page 128
9.1 Aetiology......Page 129
9.2 Objectives of treating Class II division 1 malocclusions......Page 131
9.3 Treatment planning for Class II division 1 malocclusions......Page 132
10 Class II division 2......Page 136
10.1 Aetiology......Page 137
10.2 Common features of Class II division 2 malocclusion......Page 139
10.3 Aims of treatment......Page 140
10.4 Treatment methods......Page 143
11 Class III......Page 150
11.1 Aetiology......Page 151
11.2 Occlusal features......Page 152
11.3 Treatment planning in Class III malocclusions......Page 153
11.4 Treatment options......Page 154
12 Anterior open bite and posterior open bite......Page 164
12.2 Aetiology of anterior open bite......Page 165
12.3 Management of anterior open bite......Page 168
12.4 Posterior open bite......Page 172
13 Crossbites......Page 176
13.2 Aetiology......Page 177
13.3 Types of crossbite......Page 178
13.4 Management......Page 180
14 Canines......Page 188
14.3 Aetiology of maxillary canine displacement......Page 189
14.4 Interception of displaced canines......Page 190
14.5 Assessing maxillary canine position......Page 191
14.7 Management of palatal displacement......Page 193
14.9 Transposition......Page 195
15 Anchorage planning......Page 198
15.2 Assessing anchorage requirements......Page 199
15.3 Classification of anchorage......Page 201
15.4 Intra-oral anchorage......Page 204
15.5 Extra-oral anchorage......Page 209
15.8 Summary......Page 212
16 Retention......Page 216
16.3 Aetiology of post-treatment changes......Page 217
16.6 Retainers......Page 219
16.8 Conclusions about retention......Page 225
17 Removable appliances......Page 228
17.1 Mode of action of removable appliances......Page 229
17.3 Active components......Page 230
17.4 Retaining the appliance......Page 232
17.6 Commonly used removable appliances......Page 234
17.7 Fitting a removable appliance......Page 235
17.8 Monitoring progress......Page 236
17.9 Appliance repairs......Page 237
18 Fixed appliances......Page 238
18.1 Principles of fixed appliances......Page 239
18.3 Components of fixed appliances......Page 242
18.4 Treatment planning for fixed appliances......Page 248
18.6 Fixed appliance systems......Page 249
18.7 Demineralization and fixed appliances......Page 254
18.8 Starting with fixed appliances......Page 255
19 Functional appliances......Page 258
19.4 Case study: functional appliance......Page 259
19.6 Types of malocclusion treated with functional appliances......Page 263
19.7 Types of functional appliance......Page 267
19.8 Clinical management of functional appliances......Page 270
19.9 How functional appliances work......Page 271
19.10 How successful are functional appliances?......Page 272
20 Adult orthodontics......Page 274
20.2 Comprehensive, adjunctive, or limited treatment orthodontics......Page 275
20.3 Specific challenges in adult orthodontic treatment......Page 276
20.4 Orthodontics and periodontal disease......Page 277
20.6 Aesthetic orthodontic appliances......Page 278
20.7 Obstructive sleep apnoea and mandibular advancement splints......Page 283
21 Orthodontic aligners......Page 288
21.2 History of aligners......Page 289
21.4 Clinical stages in aligner treatment......Page 291
21.5 Digital aligner construction......Page 295
21.7 Advantages and limitations of orthodontic aligners......Page 296
22 Orthodontics and orthognathic surgery......Page 300
22.2 Indications for treatment......Page 301
22.5 Diagnosis and treatment plan......Page 303
22.6 Planning......Page 308
22.7 Common surgical procedures......Page 309
22.8 Sequence of treatment......Page 311
22.9 Retention and relapse......Page 313
22.10 3D developments in orthognathic surgery: planning, simulation, and guided surgery......Page 315
23 Hypodontia and orthodontics......Page 320
23.1 Definition......Page 321
23.2 Aetiology......Page 322
23.3 Features of hypodontia......Page 323
23.4 Impact of hypodontia......Page 325
23.7 Treatment in the permanent dentition......Page 326
24 Cleft lip and palate and other craniofacial anomalies......Page 338
24.3 Classification......Page 339
24.4 Problems in management......Page 340
24.5 Coordination of care......Page 342
24.6 Management......Page 343
24.8 Other craniofacial anomalies......Page 346
25 Orthodontic first aid......Page 350
25.1 Fixed appliance......Page 351
25.3 Functional appliance......Page 353
25.5 Miscellaneous......Page 354
Definitions......Page 358
Orthodontic assessment form......Page 360
Index......Page 362