An Introduction to numerical classification

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
1 Introduction......Page 14
A. Naming......Page 16
B. The Higher Categories: Arbitrary Divisions......Page 17
C. The Evolutionary Framework: "The New Systematics"......Page 20
D. Models Showing Taxonomic Relationships......Page 21
E. The Taxonomic Continuum......Page 23
F. Critique of Classic Taxonomy......Page 25
A. Biogeographical Classification......Page 28
B. Ecological Classification......Page 29
A. Continua in Nonbiological Situations......Page 38
B. What Classification Involves......Page 39
A. Introduction......Page 44
B. Types of Data......Page 45
A. General......Page 62
B. Coefficients of Similarity......Page 64
C. Coefficients of Association......Page 74
D. Euclidean Distance as a Dissimilarity Measure......Page 78
E. Information Theory Measures of Similarity/Dissimilarity......Page 80
G. Further Properties of Similarity Measures......Page 90
A. General......Page 96
B. Data Reduction......Page 98
C. Data Transformation......Page 102
D. Data Standardization......Page 106
E. Reduction, Transformation, and Standardization of Taxonomic Data......Page 110
F. Discussion of Data Manipulation......Page 111
A. Visual Matrices-Trellis Diagrams......Page 112
B. Classificatory Strategies in General......Page 113
C. Monothetic Divisive Hierarchical Clustering Methods......Page 114
D. Agglomerative Polythetic Hierarchical Clustering Methods......Page 117
E. Nonhierarchical Clustering, Clumping, Graphs, and Minimum Spanning Trees......Page 130
A. General Comparison and Interpretation of Results......Page 138
B. Application of Significance Tests......Page 149
D. Dendrograms......Page 151
A. Objectives in Classification......Page 156
B. Choice of Data......Page 159
C. Choice of Strategy......Page 160
D. Presentation of Results......Page 161
E. The Time Factor in Ecological Analyses: Multidimensional Data......Page 162
F. Machine Dependency......Page 166
11 Relationships of Species to Extrinsic Factors in Ecological Analyses......Page 168
A. Measures Based on Numbers of Species......Page 171
B. Measures Based on the Proportions of Species Present......Page 172
C. Measures of Evenness or Equitability......Page 174
D. Importance of Dominance in Diversity Measures......Page 175
E. Interpretations of Diversity......Page 176
F. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Diversities......Page 179
G. Habitat Width and Habitat Overlap......Page 180
A. Introduction......Page 182
B. Principal Component Analysis......Page 183
C. Factor Analysis......Page 191
D. Principal Coordinate Analysis......Page 195
E. Canonical Variate Analyses......Page 196
F. Canonical Correlation Analysis......Page 197
G. Interpreting Ordinations......Page 199
A. Information Theory Measures of Diversity......Page 204
B. Partitioning of Diversity of the Information Content of a Two-Way Table......Page 209
C. Information Gain with Multistate Attributes......Page 216
D. Information Measures and Interdependence......Page 219
Bibliography......Page 222
Subject Index......Page 238