An Introduction to Language, Australian 9th Ed

An introduction to language
	Prelims
		Title page
		Imprint page
		Brief contents
		Contents
		Guide to the text
		Guide to the online resources
		Preface
		Acknowledgements
		About the authors
	Part 1: The nature of human language
		Chapter 1: What is language?
			Linguistic knowledge
				Knowledge of the sound system
				Knowledge of words
				The creativity of linguistic knowledge
				Knowledge of sentences and non-sentences
			Linguistic knowledge and performance
			What is grammar?
				Descriptive grammars
				Prescriptive grammars
				Teaching grammars
				Universal Grammar
				The development of grammar
				Sign languages: evidence for language universals
			What is not (human) language
				The birds and the bees
				Can animals learn human language?
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 2: Brain and language
			The human brain
				The localisation of language in the brain
				Aphasia and localisation
				Further experimental evidence of brain organisation
			Language and brain development
				Left-hemisphere lateralisation and brain plasticity in young children
				The critical period
				Modularity: dissociations of language and cognition
					Linguistic savants
					Specific language impairment
					Genetic basis of language
			The evolution of language
				The development of language in the species
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
	Part 2: Grammatical aspects of language
		Chapter 3: Morphology: the words of language
			Content words and function words
			Morphemes: the minimal units of meaning
				The discreteness of morphemes
				Bound and free morphemes
				Bound roots
			Rules of word formation
				Derivational morphology
				Inflectional morphology
				The hierarchical structure of words
				Rule productivity
				Other morphological processes
				Meaning of compounds
				Universality of compounding
			Sign language morphology
			Morphological analysis: identifying morphemes
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 4: Syntax: the sentence patterns of language
			Our knowledge of syntax
				Grammaticality
				Sentence structure
				Syntactic categories
				Selection
				Phrase structure
				Phrase structure rules
				Structural ambiguities
				The infinity of language
				Transformational analysis
				Structure dependence
			UG principles and parameters
				Sign-language syntax
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 5: Semantics and pragmatics: the meanings of language
			What speakers know about sentence meaning
				Truth
				Entailment and related notions
				Ambiguity
			Compositional semantics
				Semantic rules
				When compositionality goes awry
			Lexical semantics (word meanings)
				Theories of word meaning
				Lexical relations
				Semantic features
				Argument structure
			Pragmatics
				Pronouns and other deictic words
			Language and thought
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 6: Phonetics: the sounds of language
			Speech sounds
				Identity of speech sounds
			The phonetic alphabet
			Articulatory phonetics
				Consonants
				Phonetic symbols for Australian English consonants
				Vowels
				Prosodic features
				Stress
				Tone and intonation
			Sound and spelling correspondences
			The phonetics of signed languages
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 7: Phonology: the sound patterns of language
			Phonemes: the phonological units of language
				Nasalisation in English: an illustration of vowel allophones
				Variation in English /t/: an illustration of consonant allophones
				Complementary distribution
			Distinctive features
				Feature values
				Non-contrastive features
				Natural classes of speech sounds
			Features and rules
				Feature specifications for Australian English consonant and vowel phonemes
			The rules of phonology
				Assimilation
				Dissimilation
				Feature-change
				Segment insertion and deletion
				Metathesis
				From one to many and from many to one
				The function of phonological rules
				Slips of the tongue: evidence for phonological rules
			Phonemic analysis: discovering phonemes
			Prosodic phonology
				Syllable structure
				Word stress
				Sentence and phrase stress
				Intonation
			Phonotactics
				Lexical gaps
			The pronunciation of morphemes
				The production of plurals
				Additional examples of allomorphs
			Why do phonological rules exist?
				Optimality Theory
			An exemplar-based approach to phonology
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
	Part 3:The psychology of language
		Chapter 8: Language acquisition
			Children’s capacity for language
				Learning theories
				The theory of Universal Grammar
			Acquiring linguistic knowledge
				Stages in language acquisition
				The acquisition of phonology
				The acquisition of word meaning
				The acquisition of morphology
				The acquisition of syntax
				The acquisition of pragmatics
				The acquisition of signed languages
			Knowing more than one language
				Childhood bilingualism
				Second-language acquisition
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 9: Language processing: humans and computers
			The human mind at work: human language processing
				Comprehension
			Syntactic processing
				Speech production
				Lexical selection
				Non-linguistic influences
			Computer processing of human language
				Computers that talk and listen
				Speech recognition
				Speech synthesis
				Computer models of grammar
				Text and speech analysis
			Computational forensic linguistics
				Trademarks
				Interpreting legal terms
				Speaker identification
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnote
	Part 4: Language and society
		Chapter 10: Language in society
			Dialects
				Regional dialects
				Dialects of English
				Social dialects
			Languages in contact
				Lingua francas
				Pidgins
				Creoles
				Bilingualism
			Language and education
				Second-language teaching methods
				Teaching reading
				Bilingual education
			Language in use
				Styles
				Slang
				Registers
				Jargon and argot
				Taboo or not taboo?
				Language and sexism
				Secret languages and language games
			Summary
			Further reading
			Exercises
			Online study resources
			Endnotes
		Chapter 11: The regularity of sound change
			The regularity of sound change
				Sound correspondences
				Ancestral protolanguages
			Phonological change
				Phonological rules
				The Great Vowel Shift
			Morphological change
			Syntactic change
			Lexical change
				Addition of new words
			Semantic change
				Broadening
				Narrowing
				Meaning shifts
			Reconstructing dead languages
				The nineteenth-century comparativists
				Comparative reconstruction
				Historical evidence
			Extinct and endangered languages
			The genetic classification of languages
				Languages of the world
			Types of languages
			Why do languages change?
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
		Chapter 12: Writing: the ABCs of language
			The history of writing
				Pictograms and ideograms
				Cuneiform writing
				The rebus principle
				From hieroglyphics to the alphabet
			Modern writing systems
				Word writing
				Syllabic writing
				Consonantal alphabet writing
				Alphabetic writing
			Writing and speech
				Spelling
				Spelling pronunciations
			Summary
			Further reading
			Online study resources
			Exercises
			Endnotes
	Glossary
	Index