An Introduction to Global Studies (Coursesmart)

An Introduction to Global Studies......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
TABLES......Page 17
FIGURES......Page 19
PREFACE......Page 20
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 24
1 GOING GLOBAL......Page 25
Why Global Studies?......Page 26
Globalization as series of social processes......Page 28
Interconnectedness: the local and the global......Page 29
New phenomena or old news?......Page 32
Economics......Page 34
Historical roots of contemporary economic globalization......Page 35
Neoliberalism......Page 36
Free trade and multinational corporations......Page 37
Politics......Page 38
The nation-state......Page 40
Culture......Page 41
Local and global cultures......Page 42
In Focus: Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations”......Page 45
Global Citizenship: Rights, Responsibility, Inequalities, and Connections......Page 46
Conclusion......Page 50
2 NATION-STATE SYSTEM......Page 55
Nations, States, and the Nation-state System......Page 56
Emergence of the Nation-state System......Page 57
From Europe to the rest of the world......Page 58
The colonial legacy......Page 60
Neo-colonialism......Page 61
Internal challenges......Page 62
International governmental organizations......Page 64
Multinational corporations (MNCs)......Page 65
In Focus: Terrorists......Page 69
Organized crime......Page 71
Failed/marginal states......Page 72
Conclusion......Page 73
3 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS......Page 75
The development of IGOs......Page 76
League of Nations......Page 78
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)......Page 81
United Nations Security Council (UNSC)......Page 83
United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)......Page 84
International Court of Justice (ICJ)......Page 85
UN budget......Page 86
Peacekeeping......Page 87
World Trade Organization (WTO)......Page 91
European Union (EU)......Page 93
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)......Page 94
Organization of African Unity (OAU)/African Union (AU)......Page 95
Organization of American States (OAS)......Page 96
Product-specific IGOs......Page 98
Types of international NGO......Page 100
NGO activities and effectiveness......Page 101
NGO relationships with states and multinational corporations......Page 102
NGO critics and supporters......Page 103
In Focus: Amnesty International......Page 104
Conclusion......Page 106
4 HUMAN RIGHTS......Page 111
Schools of thought about the origins of human rights......Page 112
Historical background......Page 113
Human Rights in the Modern Era......Page 116
The debate over rights......Page 124
Cultural relativists vs. universalists......Page 126
In Focus: What Is Torture?......Page 128
The UN and other human rights actors......Page 129
Enforcement mechanisms......Page 132
Sexual rights......Page 138
DNA rights......Page 139
Human Rights and Non-State Actors......Page 140
Conclusion......Page 141
5 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 146
Global Climate Change......Page 147
Deforestation......Page 150
Ozone depletion......Page 153
Oceans......Page 154
Wat er......Page 157
Air pollution......Page 160
Disappearing habitat and species......Page 161
Pesticides......Page 165
Waste Production......Page 166
Technology......Page 167
Arms production and use......Page 169
Miscellaneous human waste......Page 170
Environmental Discrimination......Page 172
International Environmental Protection Efforts......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 179
6 POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION......Page 185
Statistics and projections......Page 186
Demographic transition......Page 188
Population and poverty......Page 190
World population aging......Page 191
Migration......Page 192
Urbanization......Page 195
Agricultural production and consumption......Page 196
Costs of increased agricultural production......Page 198
Consumer culture......Page 199
Global Consumption Patterns......Page 200
In Focus: Population Growth, Aging, and Consumption in the Land of the Lonely Hearts Club......Page 203
Conclusion......Page 205
7 INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND GLOBALIZATION......Page 211
Microbes and Infectious Diseases: A Brief Overview......Page 212
Disease and domestication......Page 213
Epidemics and pandemics......Page 215
Combating disease......Page 219
Infectious Disease and Globalization: The Current Picture......Page 223
Disease and the environment......Page 225
Disease and the food industry......Page 227
Global connections: urbanization, air travel, and migration......Page 228
In Focus: AIDS and Globalization......Page 231
The Global Fight against Infectious Disease: Current Challenges......Page 233
Conclusion......Page 234
8 THE GENDERED WORLD......Page 238
Defining Our Terms......Page 239
Poverty......Page 241
Economic models underlying development: two competing theories......Page 242
Development failures and emerging gendered approaches......Page 244
United Nations......Page 247
In Focus: Microcredit......Page 252
Labor and Migration......Page 253
Human trafficking......Page 255
Human rights......Page 258
Sexual violence......Page 259
Prostitution......Page 260
Armed conflict......Page 261
UN human rights efforts......Page 263
Education and training......Page 264
Health......Page 266
Conclusion......Page 268
9 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES......Page 275
Information and Communication Technologies......Page 276
The Information Age......Page 278
Information overload......Page 279
Information literacy......Page 281
The Digital Age......Page 283
A brief history of the Internet......Page 284
Growth of the web......Page 288
Web 2.0......Page 290
Wikis......Page 291
Social network sites......Page 292
Online political networking......Page 293
The Digital Divide......Page 296
In-Focus: Internet Censorship......Page 298
ICTs and development......Page 299
New Media......Page 303
The global village......Page 305
Globalization and media......Page 306
Conclusion......Page 307
10 WAR AND VIOLENT CONFLICT......Page 314
When Does Violent Conflict Become War?......Page 315
Types of War and Violent Conflict......Page 317
State-based conflicts......Page 318
Non-state conflicts and one-sided violence......Page 319
Warfare and early civilizations......Page 324
War in Ancient Greece......Page 325
Warfare from 600 bce to 1450 ce......Page 326
Warfare from 1450 to 1750......Page 327
Warfare from 1750 to 1900......Page 328
Warfare from 1900 to 1950......Page 329
The Cold War......Page 331
War since the collapse of the Soviet Union......Page 332
Savage brutes or peaceful primitives?......Page 333
Power factors that cause war......Page 334
Causes of civil wars......Page 335
Resorting to war......Page 336
Conducting war......Page 337
International law and rules for war......Page 338
Landmines......Page 340
Small arms sales......Page 343
Resource-based conflicts......Page 344
In Focus: Private Military Companies......Page 345
War deaths......Page 348
Psychological casualties......Page 350
Damage to physical and socioeconomic capital......Page 351
Damage to the environment......Page 353
Military spending......Page 355
Conclusion......Page 357
11 PEACE......Page 363
What Constitutes Peace? Defining Our Terms......Page 364
The Quakers......Page 365
Secular peace movements......Page 366
World War I......Page 369
The Cold War......Page 374
The Vietnam era......Page 376
Post-Vietnam......Page 378
Where are we now?......Page 380
Pacifism......Page 382
Nonviolent resistance......Page 383
Nation-states and international organizations......Page 385
Ending structural violence......Page 389
Global Connections: The Personal

Dimension of Peace......Page 392
In Focus: United Fruit......Page 395
Conclusion......Page 396
GLOSSARY......Page 399
INDEX......Page 417