An introduction to gauge theories and modern particle physics

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
Contents of This Volume......Page 10
Contents of Volume 2......Page 16
Preface......Page 22
Acknowledgements......Page 25
Notational conventions......Page 26
Note added in proof: the discovery of the top quark (?)......Page 32
Note added in proof: the demise of the SSC......Page 34
1.1 A brief introduction to field theory......Page 36
1.2 Pre-gauge theory of weak interactions......Page 41
1.3 The spin and isospin structure......Page 50
1.3.1 The spin or helicity structure......Page 51
1.3.2 Relation between particle and antiparticle matrix elements......Page 52
1.3.3 The isospin structure......Page 53
1.4 Tests of the V-A structure and `lepton universality'......Page 55
2.1 The intermediate vector boson......Page 58
2.2 Towards a renormalizable theory......Page 62
2.3 Gauge symmetry......Page 64
2.3.1 Global gauge invariance-the Abelian case......Page 65
2.3.2 Local gauge invariance-the Abelian case......Page 66
2.3.3 Global gauge invariance-the non-Abelian case......Page 68
2.3.4 Non-Abelian local gauge invariance-Yang-Mills theories......Page 70
2.4 Freedom to choose the gauge......Page 73
2.5 Summary......Page 74
3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking: the Goldstone theorem and the Higgs phenomenon......Page 75
3.1 Spontaneously broken symmetries in field theory: Goldstone's theorem......Page 76
3.2 The Higgs mechanism......Page 80
3.3 Unitarity and renormalizability......Page 82
3.4 Summary......Page 83
4.1 Model building (towards the standard model)......Page 84
4.2 The standard model......Page 85
4.2.1 Coupling of the gauge bosons to the Higgs scalars......Page 87
4.2.3 Coupling of the gauge bosons to the leptons......Page 90
4.2.4 Coupling of the leptons to the Higgs......Page 96
4.3.1 Discovery of the W boson(?)......Page 98
5.1 Phenomenology of purely leptonic reactions......Page 102
5.1.1 vee and vee elastic scattering......Page 104
5.1.2 ve- and vie elastic scattering......Page 109
5.2 A check of the minimal Higgs mechanism......Page 111
5.3 Support for the SM from hadronic collider data......Page 112
5.3.1 W production and decay in pp collisions......Page 113
5.3.2 pp collider data......Page 117
5.4 Concluding remarks......Page 122
6.1 Introductory remarks......Page 125
6.2 Higgs decay......Page 126
6.3.1 Z?>Hff......Page 130
6.3.2 Z?-> H'y......Page 131
6.4 Limits on the Higgs mass......Page 132
6.5 Concluding comments......Page 135
7.1 Radiative corrections......Page 136
7.2 Renormalization and physical parameters......Page 138
7.3 The effective fine structure constant......Page 141
7.4 The muon lifetime revisited......Page 142
7.5 Estimates of one loop corrections......Page 144
7.6 Higher order corrections......Page 145
7.7 Practical problems in testing radiative corrections......Page 147
7.8 Strategies to overcome the imprecision in Mw......Page 148
7.9 Testing the minimal Higgs mechanism......Page 149
7.10 Beyond the standard model......Page 150
8.1 Electron-positron storage rings......Page 153
8.2 The new a+e- colliders: TRISTAN and LEP......Page 156
8.3 a+e- physics at energies << MZ......Page 161
8.4 e+e- and the standard model......Page 167
8.5 LEP data near the Z?peak......Page 168
8.5.1 a+e- angular distributions......Page 169
8.6 Determination of the SM parameters of the Z?......Page 177
8.7.1 The invisible width method......Page 182
8.7.2 The single photon method......Page 183
8.8 Asymmetries and polarization measurements at the Z?peak......Page 184
8.9 Conclusions......Page 189
9.1 Charm, bottom and top......Page 192
9.2 Quark mixing......Page 195
9.3 Electroweak interaction of the quarks......Page 198
9.4 The GIM mechanism......Page 199
9.5.1 The quark statistics......Page 201
9.5.2 ir?-* 2y......Page 203
9.5.3 Triangle anomalies......Page 205
9.5.4 The cross-section for e+e- hadrons......Page 209
9.6 Summary of the quark sector of the standard model......Page 211
9.7 Quark masses and the KM matrix......Page 214
10 Phenomenology of semi-leptonic reactions......Page 217
10.1 Model independent tests......Page 219
10.2 Parity violation in electron-nucleus scattering......Page 224
10.3 Optical rotation......Page 228
10.4 Summary......Page 236
11.1 Introduction......Page 237
11.2 The `new' particles......Page 239
11.3 Some qualitative features of QCD......Page 241
11.4 Quark-lepton parallelism......Page 243
11.5 Flavour classification of hadrons......Page 244
11.6 The J/AF and the OZI rule......Page 248
11.7 Experimental status of the J/'Y spectroscopy......Page 254
11.7.1 Mass determination of the J/W......Page 259
11.8.1 J/W and IF' widths......Page 260
11.8.2 JPC assignments......Page 263
11.8.3 IC assignment......Page 264
11.9 Baryonic decay of J/W......Page 267
11.10 The T family and its experimental status......Page 269
12.1 Quarkonium......Page 275
12.1.1 The positronium analogy......Page 276
12.1.2 The QCD potential......Page 277
12.1.3 The strength of the potential......Page 280
12.1.4 Spin dependence of the potential......Page 283
12.1.5 Comparison with the data......Page 284
12.2 J/%F decays. Calculation of the widths......Page 289
12.3 Determination of a,......Page 295
12.4 Leptonic widths......Page 297
12.5 Exotics: glueballs, hybrids, etc.......Page 299
12.6 V -+ air: a puzzle......Page 302
12.7 Conclusions......Page 303
13 Open heavy flavours......Page 304
13.1 Discovery and basic properties of charm and bottom particles......Page 305
13.1.1 Detection of heavy flavours......Page 311
13.1.2 Charge of the charm and bottom quarks......Page 314
13.1.3 Heavy flavour masses......Page 315
13.2 Charm decay......Page 317
13.2.1 Heavy flavour lifetimes......Page 319
13.2.2 Purely leptonic charm decays......Page 321
13.2.3 Semi-leptonic and hadronic decays of charm mesons......Page 322
13.3 B physics......Page 325
13.3.1 The decay B?- D+*f-v......Page 326
13.4.1 Theoretical estimates of heavy flavour production......Page 328
13.5.1 Production of c and b quarks at the Z?pole......Page 330
13.5.2 Production cross-section......Page 331
13.5.3 Miscellaneous......Page 332
13.6 Final comments......Page 334
14.1 Introduction......Page 335
14.2 Discovery of the r lepton......Page 336
14.3.1 The r mass......Page 339
14.3.2 The r lifetime......Page 341
14.3.3 The spin of the r......Page 342
14.3.4 Point-like structure......Page 343
14.4 T decay......Page 344
14.4.1 Semi-leptonic r decays......Page 345
14.4.2 QCD tests from r decay......Page 346
14.5 The T neutrino......Page 347
14.7 Miscellaneous and conclusions......Page 349
15 Towards the parton model-deep inelastic scattering......Page 351
15.1 Electron-muon scattering......Page 352
15.2 Elastic electron-proton scattering......Page 356
15.3 Inelastic electron-nucleon scattering......Page 359
15.4 Inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering......Page 366
15.5 Deep inelastic scattering and scaling behaviour......Page 370
15.6 Polarization effects in deep inelastic scattering......Page 377
16.1 The introduction of partons......Page 387
16.2 Antipartons......Page 394
16.3 Partons as quarks......Page 396
16.4 The detailed quark-parton model......Page 399
16.4.1 The scaling functions for purely electromagnetic interactions......Page 401
16.4.2 Charged current scaling functions......Page 403
16.4.3 Neutrino and antineutrino neutral current scaling functions......Page 408
16.5 Charged lepton induced reactions for Q2 of order M2......Page 409
16.6 Behaviour of the quark number densities as x -+ 0......Page 410
16.7 The missing constituents-gluons......Page 412
16.8 The parton model in polarized deep inelastic scattering......Page 413
16.9.1 The parton model as an impulse approximation......Page 417
16.9.2 The parton model including transverse motion......Page 421
16.9.3 Current matrix elements in the quark-parton model......Page 428
17.1 Deep inelastic scaling functions for Q2 << M2......Page 431
17.1.1 Sum rules and their experimental tests......Page 436
17.1.2 Polarized scattering sum rule and the `spin crisis'......Page 440
17.1.3 The nuclear EMC effect......Page 444
17.2 Neutrino cross-sections in the quark-parton model for Q2 << M2......Page 451
17.3 Cross-sections in the quark-parton model for Q2 comparable with MZ......Page 460
17.4 Application of the parton model to related processes......Page 461
17.4.1 a+e- annihilation into hadrons......Page 462
17.4.2 The Drell-Yan process......Page 463
17.4.3 Production of heavy mesons by Drell-Yan mechanism......Page 475
Note added in proof: polarized deep inelastic scattering......Page 477
A1.1 Fields and creation operators......Page 478
A1.2.2 Charge conjugation......Page 482
A1.3 The S-matrix......Page 484
A2.1 Relation between S-matrix and Feynman amplitude......Page 486
A2.2 QCD and QED......Page 487
A2.3 The SM......Page 490
A2.4 Some examples of Feynman amplitudes......Page 492
A2.5 Colour sums......Page 494
A2.6 The Gell-Mann SU(3) matrices......Page 497
A2.7 The Fierz reshuffle theorem......Page 498
A2.8 Dimension of matrix elements......Page 499
Appendix 3: Conserved vector currents and their charges......Page 500
References......Page 505
Analytic subject index for vols. 1 and 2......Page 517