An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology: Processes and Disorders

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Figures......Page 13
About the authors......Page 15
Preface......Page 16
Stages of cognitive processing......Page 17
Approaches to the study of cognition......Page 18
Gestalt and schema theories......Page 19
The computer analogy......Page 20
The structure and function of the brain......Page 21
Information storage in the brain......Page 23
Top-down and bottom-up processing......Page 25
Conscious awareness......Page 26
Summary......Page 27
Further reading......Page 28
The visual system......Page 29
Primary visual processing......Page 30
Spatial frequency analysis......Page 31
The Gestalt approach......Page 32
Perceptual constancy......Page 33
Depth perception......Page 34
Theoretical explanations of illusions......Page 35
Top-down, bottom-up, side-ways rules or physiological fatigue?......Page 36
Evaluation of Marr’s approach......Page 37
Templates and prototypes......Page 38
Feature analysis......Page 39
Pandemonium......Page 40
Top-down influences......Page 41
Context effects......Page 42
General conclusions......Page 43
The cocktail party phenomenon......Page 44
Early or late selection?......Page 45
Inhibitory mechanisms......Page 46
Shiffrin and Schneider’s theory......Page 47
Visual orienting......Page 48
Inhibition of return......Page 49
A new look at a new look......Page 50
Summary......Page 51
Further reading......Page 52
3.2 Blindsight......Page 53
The sensation of blindsight......Page 54
The implications of blindsight: one visual system or two?......Page 55
A disorder of attention?......Page 56
Apperceptive and associative agnosia......Page 57
The localisation of lesions in patients with associative agnosia......Page 58
HJA—a case history in visual agnosia......Page 59
Humphreys and Riddoch’s classification of agnosia......Page 60
Farah’s classification of agnosia......Page 62
The specificity of perceptual deficits in visual agnosia......Page 63
Recognising living and non-living objects......Page 64
Recognising typical and unusual views of objects......Page 65
Perception and action......Page 66
Prosopagnosia......Page 68
Prosopagnosia—a face-specific disorder?......Page 69
The case of the unknown sheep: a case study in prosopagnosia......Page 70
Facial expression, lip-reading and face recognition......Page 71
Summary......Page 72
Further reading......Page 73
Encoding, storage and retrieval of memory......Page 75
Multistore models of memory......Page 76
Measuring STM performance......Page 77
The working memory model......Page 78
Interference and decay......Page 80
Meaning and mnemonics......Page 81
The war of the ghosts......Page 82
The balloons passage......Page 83
Schemas and scripts......Page 84
Orienting tasks......Page 85
Elaborative encoding......Page 86
Transfer-appropriate processing......Page 87
The encoding specificity principle......Page 88
Context-dependent memory......Page 89
Crime reconstructions and cognitive interviews......Page 90
Episodic and semantic memory......Page 91
ESP and GR theories of retrieval......Page 92
Implicit and explicit memory......Page 93
The process dissociation procedure......Page 94
Autobiographical memory......Page 96
Eyewitness testimony......Page 97
Further reading......Page 98
Case study: Ronald Reagan......Page 99
Organic and psychogenic amnesias......Page 100
Brain lesions associated with amnesia......Page 101
The main symptoms of amnesia......Page 102
Intact STM in organic amnesia......Page 103
Distinguishing anterograde from retrograde amnesia......Page 104
Retrograde impairment in organic amnesics......Page 105
Retrieval-deficit theories of amnesia......Page 106
Case study: Severe amnesia following Herpes Simplex Encephalitis infection (Clive W)......Page 107
Motor skills......Page 108
Familiarity and context recollection......Page 109
Explaining preserved memory function in amnesia......Page 111
Memory loss in the normal elderly......Page 113
ECT and memory loss......Page 114
Summary......Page 115
Further reading......Page 116
6.2 Early research on problem-solving......Page 117
Functional fixedness......Page 118
6.3 Problem-space theory of problem-solving......Page 119
Problem-solving strategies......Page 120
Expertise......Page 121
Problem-solving by analogy......Page 122
Deductive reasoning......Page 123
Mental models......Page 126
Inductive reasoning: hypothesis generation and testing......Page 127
The Wason Selection Task: hypothetico-deductive reasoning......Page 128
6.6 Statistical reasoning......Page 130
Summary......Page 132
Further reading......Page 133
Anatomy and physiology......Page 134
Is there a ‘frontal lobe syndrome’?......Page 135
The case histories of AP, DN and FS......Page 137
Impairments in attention......Page 138
Impairments in abstract and conceptual thinking......Page 139
Impairments in cognitive estimation......Page 141
Impaired strategy formation......Page 142
Deficits in everyday higher order planning......Page 143
Supervisory attentional system......Page 144
An alternative explanation......Page 145
Further reading......Page 146
8.1 Introduction......Page 147
Speech sounds......Page 148
Sentence level......Page 149
8.3 Psychology and linguistics......Page 150
8.4 Recognising spoken and written words......Page 151
Explaining lexical access......Page 153
8.6 Sentence comprehension......Page 154
Syntactic processing......Page 156
8.7 Sentence production......Page 158
8.8 Discourse level......Page 160
Summary......Page 161
Further reading......Page 162
9.2 Historical perspective......Page 163
9.3 The psycholinguistic perspective......Page 166
Processing spoken words......Page 167
The case of Derek B studied and described by Sue Franklin and David Howard (1992)......Page 168
Processing words in reading and writing......Page 170
9.5 Disruption to processing of syntax......Page 171
9.6 Disruption to processing of discourse......Page 173
Further reading......Page 174
10.1 Theories of cognition: from metaphors to computational models......Page 175
Paradigms and frameworks......Page 176
Studying cognition as computation......Page 177
An example: playing chess......Page 178
Symbols and computers......Page 179
Schemata, frames and scripts......Page 180
Production systems......Page 181
Shortcomings of the symbolic approach......Page 182
Feed-forward networks......Page 183
Learning to read......Page 185
The nature of representation in connectionist systems......Page 186
Networks with feedback......Page 187
A model of deep dyslexia......Page 188
Shortcomings of the connectionist approach......Page 189
10.4 Symbols and neurons compared......Page 190
Towards a synthesis......Page 191
Summary......Page 192
Further reading......Page 193
References......Page 199
Author index......Page 219
Subject index......Page 225