An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology

Front Cover......Page 1
An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
 1.1 Diffusion: its virtues and limitations......Page 10
 1.3 Circulation of blood......Page 12
 1.5 Introducing some hydraulic considerations:pressure and flow......Page 14
 1.6 Structure and functional classification of blood vessels......Page 16
 1.7 Plumbing of the vascular circuits......Page 20
 1.8 Central control of the cardiovascular system......Page 21
 2.1 Gross structure of the heart......Page 22
 2.2 Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle......Page 24
 2.4 Effect of heart rate on phase duration......Page 28
 2.5 Clinical aspects of the human cardiac cycle......Page 29
Chapter 3. Cardiac excitation and contraction......Page 32
 3.1 Ultrastructure of the work cell......Page 33
 3.2 Mechanism of contraction......Page 34
 3.3 Resting membrane potential of a work cell......Page 36
 3.4 Action potential of a work cell......Page 39
 3.5 Excitation-contraction coupling and the calcium cycle......Page 43
 3.6 Pacemaker and conduction system......Page 45
 3.7 Nodal electricity......Page 48
 3.8 Nervous control of heart rate......Page 50
 3.9 Effect of selected extracellular factors......Page 52
 3.10 Summary......Page 53
 4.1 Principle of electrocardiography......Page 54
 4.2 Relation of ECG waves to cardiac action potentials......Page 56
 4.4 Cardiac dipole......Page 58
 4.5 Vector sequence......Page 59
 4.6 Why the QRS complex is complex......Page 60
 4.8 Palpitations: benign or bad?......Page 61
 5.1 Fick's principle and the measurement of cardiac output......Page 64
 5.2 Indicator dilution and thermal dilution methods......Page 66
 5.3 Pulsed Doppler method......Page 68
 5.4 Examination of the peripheral pulse......Page 69
 5.5 Radionuclide angiography and other methods......Page 70
 6.1 Control of stroke volume......Page 71
 6.2 Contractile properties of isolated cardiac muscle......Page 73
 6.3 Starling's l aw of the heart......Page 76
 6.4 Stroke work and the pressure-volume loop......Page 81
 6.5 Control of ventricular filling and central venous pressure......Page 83
 6.6 Operation of Starling's law in man......Page 85
 6.7 Effects of arterial pressure on stroke volume......Page 87
 6.8 Regulation of contractile force by extrinsic factors......Page 88
 6.9 Coordinated control of cardiac output......Page 93
 6.10 Cardiac energetics and metabolism......Page 96
 6.11 Summary......Page 98
 7.1 Some hydraulic principles......Page 99
 7.2 Nature of flow in blood vessels......Page 102
 7.3 Measurement of blood flow......Page 104
 7.4 Haemodynamics in arteries......Page 106
 7.5 Vascular resistance......Page 113
 7.6 Pressure-flow curves for entire vascular beds......Page 118
 7.7 Haemodynamics in veins......Page 119
Chapter 8. Solute transport between blood and tissue......Page 126
 8.1 Microvessel heterogeneity and density......Page 127
 8.2 Structure of exchange vessels......Page 128
 8.3 Transport processes:diffusion, reflection and convection......Page 132
 8.4 Measurement of capillary permeability......Page 135
 8.5 Classes of solute. I: Lipidsoluble molecules......Page 138
 8.6 Classes of solute. II: Small lipid-insoluble molecules and the small pore concept......Page 139
 8.7 Classes of solute. Ill: Largelipid-insoluble molecules and the large pore concept......Page 141
 8.8 In search of the pores......Page 142
 8.10 Effect of blood flow on exchange rate......Page 144
 8.11 Physiological regulation of exchange rate......Page 146
 8.13 Summary......Page 148
Chapter 9. Circulation of fluid between plasma, interstitium and lymph......Page 151
 9.1 Starling's principle of fluid exchange......Page 152
 9.2 Capillary pressure and itscontrol......Page 155
 9.4 Colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid......Page 158
 9.5 Nature of the interstitial space and interstitial pressure......Page 160
 9.6 Imbalance of Starling pressures: filtration and absorption......Page 163
 9.7 Fluid and protein movement through the interstitial matrix......Page 166
 9.8 Lymph and the lymphatic system......Page 168
 9.9 Regulation of fluid exchange: posture and exercise......Page 172
 9.10 Oedema......Page 174
 9.11 Inflammatory swelling......Page 177
 9.12 'Internal fluid transfusion' during hypovolaemia......Page 179
 10.1 Structure of the VSM cell......Page 180
 10.2 Mechanism of contraction......Page 181
 10.4 Neuromuscular excitation......Page 182
 10.5 Pharmacomechanical coupling......Page 184
 10.6 Automaticity......Page 185
 11.1 Overview of vascula rcontrol......Page 187
 11.2 Local control mechanisms......Page 189
 11.3 Circulatory adjustments due to local mechanisms......Page 193
 11.4 Nervous control:sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves......Page 197
 11.5 Vasodilator nerves......Page 202
 11.6 Hormonal control of the circulation......Page 207
 11.7 Special features of venous control......Page 209
 11.8 Summary......Page 211
 12.1 Coronary circulation......Page 212
 12.2 Circulation through skeletal muscle......Page 216
 12.3 Cutaneous circulation......Page 219
 12.4 Cerebral circulation......Page 224
 12.5 Pulmonary circulation......Page 229
 13.1 Arterial baroreceptors and the baroreflex......Page 233
 13.2 Cardiopulmonary receptors......Page 241
 13.3 Excitatory inputs: arterial chemoreceptors and muscle receptors......Page 244
 13.4 Central pathways......Page 246
 14.1 Posture......Page 252
 14.3 Exercise......Page 254
 14.5 Diving reflex......Page 261
 15.1 Shock and haemorrhage......Page 264
 15.2 Fainting (syncope)......Page 267
 15.3 Essential hypertension......Page 268
 15.4 Chronic cardiac failure......Page 270
Technical appendix......Page 276
Index......Page 280