An intra-sentence grammar of Ungarinjin, north-western Australia /

An intra-sentence grammar of Ungarinjin, north-western Australia
Contentsiii
Introductionvii
Acknowledgmentsx
List of Abbreviations and Symbolsxi
List of Illustrationsxii
CHAPTER ONE: Phonetics and Phonology1
1.1. Phonetics and Low-Level Segmental Phonology1
1.1.1. Phonemic Inventory1
1.1.2. Phonetic Realisation2
1.1.2.1. Phonation Types2
1.1.2.2. Articulation3
1.1.2.2.1. Stops and Nasals3
1.1.2.2.1.1. Bi-labials3
1.1.2.2.1.2. The Lamino-pre-palatals3
1.1.2.2.1.3. The Apico-alveolars4
1.1.2.2.1.4. The Apico-pre-palatals4
1.1.2.2.1.5. The Dorso-velars4
1.1.2.2.2. Laterals5
1.1.2.2.3. Rhotics5
1.1.2.2.4. Glides6
1.1.2.3. The Vowels6
1.1.2.3.1. The High Vowels6
1.1.2.3.1.1. /i/6
1.1.2.3.1.2. /u/8
1.1.2.3.2. /a/9
1.1.2.3.3. Long /a/10
1.1.2.3.4. /e/12
1.1.2.3.5. /o/13
1.1.2.4. Some Additional Phonetic Diphthongs13
1.1.3. Phonemic Distributional Restrictions14
1.2. Morphophonemics16
1.2.1. Morphophonemic Inventory16
1.2.2. The Sonorance Hierarchy17
1.2.2.1. First Degree Strengthening17
1.2.2.2. Second Degree Strengthening23
1.2.3. Some Additional (Morpho) Phonological Rules Affecting Consonants24
1.2.3.1. Elision24
1.2.3.2. Nasal Assimilation24
1.2.3.3. De-retroflexion25
1.2.4. Vowel Alternations25
1.2.4.1. /a/ Assimilation25
1.2.4.2. Vowel Coalescence28
1.2.4.3. Vowel Syncope29
CHAPTER TWO: Morphology31
2.1. Nominal Morphology31
2.1.1. Free-standing Personal Pronouns31
2.1.2. Gender-bearing Pronouns31
2.1.2.1. Anaphors32
2.1.2.2. Demonstratives32
2.1.2.3. 'Ambiphoric' Pronouns33
2.1.3. Interrogative Pronouns34
2.1.4. What-cha-ma-call-it?36
2.1.5. Lexical Nouns37
2.1.5.1. The Semantics of Gender37
2.1.5.1.1. Masculine, Feminine, and b-class37
2.1.5.1.2. m-class Neuter39
2.1.5.1.3. w2-class Neuter40
2.1.5.2. Possessive Inflection41
2.1.5.2.1. Prefixation41
2.1.5.2.2. Suffixation46
2.1.5.2.3. Independent Possessive Pronouns51
2.1.5.2.4. Adjectives53
2.1.5.3. Personal Names55
2.1.5.4. Post-nominal Elements57
2.1.5.4.1. On the Terms 'Suffix' and 'Postposition'57
2.1.5.4.2. Number Suffixation59
2.1.5.4.3. Case Postpositions60
2.1.5.4.3.1. Locative62
2.1.5.4.3.2. Adessive63
2.1.5.4.3.3. Allative63
2.1.5.4.3.4. Lative-Translative64
2.1.5.4.3.5. Dative67
2.1.5.4.3.6. Genitive69
2.1.5.4.3.7. Instrumental73
2.1.5.4.3.8. Comitative73
2.1.5.4.3.9. Vocative74
2.2. The Verb74
2.2.1. Order Classes 9 and 11: Roots and Their Conjugation Classes79
2.2.2. Order Classes 4 and 5: Pronominal Prefixes80
2.2.2.1. Indicative Intransitive83
2.2.2.2. Indicative Transitive84
2.2.3. Order Classes 6 and 11: Future Tense87
2.2.4. Order Classes 5 and 7: Irrealis Mode89
2.2.4.1. Irrealis Intransitive90
2.2.4.2. Irrealis Transitive92
2.2.5. Order Classes 7 and 11: Optative Mode95
2.2.6. Order Class 3: Imperative Mode96
2.2.6.1. Transitive Verbs98
2.2.6.2. Negative Imperative100
2.2.7. Order Class 10: Reflexive-Reciprocal Voice102
2.2.8. Order Class 8: Coreference Status105
2.2.9. Order Class 12: Dual/Paucal Number106
2.2.10. Order Class 13: Continuative Aspect109
2.2.11. Order Class 14: Proximad vs. Distad110
2.2.12. Order Classes 15 and 16: Dative-Benefactive Cross Reference113
2.2.13. Order Classes 1 and 9: Simple vs. Compound Verbs115
2.2.14. Order Class 2: Aspect of Compound Verbs121
2.3. Adverbs122
2.4. Mode Particles122
2.5. Interjections122
2.6. Derivational Suffixes123
2.6.1. Nominal Derivation123
2.6.1.1. baa123
2.6.1.2. -mar123
2.6.1.3. -moya (~-maya)124
2.6.1.4. -mai125
2.6.2. Adjectival Derivatives in -gadjin125
2.6.3. Adverbial Derivatives in -wa126
2.6.4. Pan-Class Suffixation127
2.6.4.1. -yali127
2.6.4.2. -a127
2.6.4.3. -ga128
2.6.4.4. -wini (~-bini)129
2.6.4.5. -dje130
2.6.4.6. -/walu/ ~ -wula132
2.6.4.7. -ala132
2.6.4.8. -ari133
CHAPTER THREE: Sentence Syntax and Semantics135
3.1. Phrase Types135
3.1.1. Verb Phrases?135
3.1.2. The Noun Phrase135
3.1.3. The Syntax of Nominal Postposition140
3.1.4. Abbreviated Head-Attribute Constructions141
3.2. The Simple Sentence142
3.2.1. Linear Order of Major Sentence Constituents144
3.2.2. The 'Oblique II' Adjunct145
3.3. Complex Sentences146
3.3.1. Subordinate Clauses146
3.3.1.1. The -ari Clause146
3.3.1.1.1. Nominal and Adnominal Uses147
3.3.1.1.2. Adverbial Uses151
3.3.1.1.2.1. Locative151
3.3.1.1.2.2. Temporal151
3.3.1.1.2.3. Causal Clause153
3.3.1.1.2.4. The -ari Clause in Conditional Sentences154
3.3.1.2. The -gu Clause155
3.3.1.3. The ma Complement Clause157
3.3.1.4. Higher Order Mode Predication166
3.3.1.4.1. wa167
3.3.1.4.2. buray168
3.3.1.4.3. gadjinga168
3.3.1.4.4. biyara169
3.3.1.4.5. biya171
3.3.1.4.6. menja171
3.3.1.4.7. yagu172
Bibliography177