Amos 16.0 user's guide.

Amos 16.0 User\'s Guide......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
1 Introduction......Page 19
Featured Methods......Page 20
About the Examples......Page 21
Other Sources of Information......Page 22
Acknowledgements......Page 23
Mixture Modeling, Clustering, and Discriminant Analysis......Page 25
Changes to the Program......Page 26
Introduction......Page 27
About the Data......Page 28
Launching Amos Graphics......Page 29
Creating a New Model......Page 30
Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables......Page 31
Naming the Variables......Page 32
Drawing Arrows......Page 33
Constraining a Parameter......Page 34
To Delete an Object......Page 35
Setting Up Optional Output......Page 36
To View Text Output......Page 38
To View Graphics Output......Page 39
Printing the Path Diagram......Page 40
Copying Text Output......Page 41
About the Data......Page 43
Bringing In the Data......Page 44
Specifying the Model......Page 45
Naming the Variables......Page 46
Establishing Covariances......Page 47
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 48
Viewing Text Output......Page 49
Calculating Standardized Estimates......Page 53
Viewing Correlation Estimates as Text Output......Page 54
Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models......Page 55
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 56
Modeling in C#......Page 59
Other Program Development Tools......Page 60
Parameters Constraints......Page 61
Constraining Variances......Page 62
Specifying Equal Parameters......Page 63
Constraining Covariances......Page 64
Moving and Formatting Objects......Page 65
Data Input......Page 66
Viewing Text Output......Page 67
Optional Output......Page 68
Covariance Matrix Estimates......Page 69
Labeling Output......Page 71
Hypothesis Testing......Page 72
Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram......Page 73
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 75
Timing Is Everything......Page 77
Bringing In the Data......Page 79
Specifying the Model......Page 80
Viewing Text Output......Page 82
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 83
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 85
About the Data......Page 87
Analysis of the Data......Page 88
Specifying the Model......Page 89
Fixing Regression Weights......Page 90
Viewing the Text Output......Page 92
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 94
Viewing Additional Text Output......Page 95
Assumptions about Correlations among Exogenous Variables......Page 97
Equation Format for the AStructure Method......Page 98
About the Data......Page 101
Measurement Model......Page 103
Structural Model......Page 104
Specifying the Model......Page 105
Changing the Orientation of the Drawing Area......Page 106
Creating the Path Diagram......Page 107
Duplicating Measurement Models......Page 108
Results for Model A......Page 110
Model B......Page 113
Results for Model B......Page 114
Testing Model B against Model A......Page 116
Model A......Page 118
Model B......Page 119
About the Data......Page 121
Specifying the Model......Page 122
Results of the Analysis......Page 123
Dealing with Rejection......Page 124
Using Modification Indices......Page 125
Changing the Modification Index Threshold......Page 126
Model B for the Wheaton Data......Page 127
Text Output......Page 128
Graphics Output for Model B......Page 129
Calculating Critical Ratios......Page 130
Results for Model C......Page 134
Parameter Estimates for Model C......Page 135
Multiple Models in a Single Analysis......Page 136
Viewing Fit Statistics for All Four Models......Page 139
Obtaining Optional Output......Page 141
Obtaining Tables of Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects......Page 142
Model A......Page 143
Model B......Page 144
Model C......Page 145
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 146
About the Data......Page 149
Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model......Page 150
Text Output......Page 151
Obtaining Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 153
Graphics Output......Page 154
Stability Index......Page 155
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 156
About the Data......Page 157
A Common Factor Model......Page 158
Identification......Page 159
Drawing the Model......Page 160
Results of the Analysis......Page 161
Obtaining Standardized Estimates......Page 162
Viewing Standardized Estimates......Page 163
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 164
Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative......Page 165
About the Data......Page 166
Model A for the Olsson Data......Page 167
Identification......Page 168
Requesting Modification Indices......Page 169
Model B for the Olsson Data......Page 170
Results for Model B......Page 171
Model C for the Olsson Data......Page 173
Fitting All Models At Once......Page 174
Model B......Page 175
Model C......Page 176
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 177
Analysis of Several Groups......Page 179
Model A......Page 180
Specifying Model A......Page 181
Text Output......Page 186
Graphics Output......Page 187
Model B......Page 188
Text Output......Page 190
Model A......Page 191
Model B......Page 192
Multiple Model Input......Page 193
About the Data......Page 195
Specifying a Figure Caption......Page 196
Text Output for Model A......Page 199
Graphics Output for Model A......Page 201
Model B for Girls and Boys......Page 202
Text Output......Page 204
Graphics Output......Page 207
Model C for Girls and Boys......Page 208
Results for Model C......Page 211
Model A......Page 212
Model C......Page 213
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 214
About the Data......Page 215
Naming the Groups......Page 216
Specifying the Data......Page 217
Text Output......Page 218
Graphics Output......Page 219
Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls......Page 220
Text Output......Page 222
Graphics Output......Page 223
Model A......Page 226
Model B......Page 227
Means and Intercept Modeling......Page 229
Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 230
Text Output......Page 232
Model B for Young and Old Subjects......Page 234
Multiple Model Input......Page 236
Model A......Page 237
Model B......Page 238
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 239
Assumptions Made by Amos......Page 241
Specifying the Model......Page 242
Text Output......Page 243
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 245
Factor Means......Page 249
Specifying the Model......Page 250
Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 252
Graphics Output......Page 253
Model B for Boys and Girls......Page 255
Comparing Models A and B......Page 257
Model A......Page 258
Model B......Page 259
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 260
Assumptions......Page 261
About the Data......Page 262
Specifying the Model......Page 263
Text Output......Page 265
Model B......Page 267
Results for Model B......Page 269
Model C......Page 270
Results for Model C......Page 271
Model D......Page 272
Results for Model D......Page 273
Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis......Page 275
Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 276
Model Y......Page 277
Results for Model Y......Page 279
Model Z......Page 280
Results for Model Z......Page 281
Model A......Page 282
Model B......Page 283
Model C......Page 284
Model D......Page 285
Model E......Page 286
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 287
Models X, Y, and Z......Page 288
Incomplete Data......Page 289
About the Data......Page 290
Specifying the Model......Page 291
Saturated and Independence Models......Page 292
Text Output......Page 293
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 295
Fitting the Factor Model (Model A)......Page 296
Fitting the Saturated Model (Model B)......Page 297
Computing the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Statistic and P......Page 301
Performing All Steps with One Program......Page 302
Missing Data......Page 303
About the Data......Page 304
Model A......Page 305
Text Output......Page 307
Model B......Page 310
Output from Models A and B......Page 311
Model A......Page 312
Model B......Page 313
The Bootstrap Method......Page 315
A Factor Analysis Model......Page 316
Results of the Analysis......Page 317
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 321
Bootstrap Approach to Model Comparison......Page 323
Five Models......Page 324
Text Output......Page 328
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 330
Estimation Methods......Page 331
About the Model......Page 332
Text Output......Page 335
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 338
About the Model......Page 339
Specifying the Model......Page 340
Selecting Program Options......Page 342
Performing the Specification Search......Page 343
Viewing Generated Models......Page 344
Viewing Parameter Estimates for a Model......Page 345
Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 346
Viewing the Akaike Weights......Page 347
Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 348
Using Bayes Factors to Compare Models......Page 349
Rescaling the Bayes Factors......Page 351
Examining the Short List of Models......Page 352
Viewing a Scatterplot of Fit and Complexity......Page 353
Adjusting the Line Representing Constant Fit......Page 355
Viewing the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 356
Adjusting the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 357
Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for C......Page 358
Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for Other Fit Measures......Page 359
Viewing the Scree Plot for C......Page 360
Viewing the Scree Plot for Other Fit Measures......Page 362
Specification Search with Many Optional Arrows......Page 364
Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 365
Performing the Specification Search......Page 366
Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 367
Limitations......Page 368
About the Model......Page 369
Opening the Specification Search Window......Page 370
Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 371
Performing the Specification Search......Page 373
Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 374
Viewing the Short List of Models......Page 377
Heuristic Specification Search......Page 378
Performing a Stepwise Search......Page 379
Viewing the Scree Plot......Page 380
Limitations of Heuristic Specification Searches......Page 381
Model 24a: Modeling Without Means and Intercepts......Page 383
Opening the Multiple-Group Analysis Dialog Box......Page 384
Viewing the Parameter Subsets......Page 386
Viewing the Generated Models......Page 387
Fitting All the Models and Viewing the Output......Page 388
Customizing the Analysis......Page 389
Specifying the Model......Page 390
Removing Constraints......Page 391
Generating the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 392
Fitting the Models......Page 393
Viewing the Output......Page 394
About the Model......Page 397
Constraining the Latent Variable Means and Intercepts......Page 398
Generating Cross-Group Constraints......Page 399
Viewing the Text Output......Page 401
Examining the Modification Indices......Page 402
Modifying the Model and Repeating the Analysis......Page 403
Bayesian Estimation......Page 405
Selecting Priors......Page 407
Estimating the Covariance......Page 408
Results of Maximum Likelihood Analysis......Page 409
Bayesian Analysis......Page 410
Examining the Current Seed......Page 412
Changing the Current Seed......Page 413
Changing the Refresh Options......Page 415
Assessing Convergence......Page 416
Diagnostic Plots......Page 418
Bivariate Marginal Posterior Plots......Page 424
Changing the Confidence Level......Page 427
Learning More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 428
More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 429
About the Data......Page 430
Fitting a Model by Maximum Likelihood......Page 431
Changing the Number of Burn-In Observations......Page 432
The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 443
Indirect Effects......Page 444
Estimating Indirect Effects......Page 445
Bayesian Analysis of Model C......Page 447
Additional Estimands......Page 448
Inferences about Indirect Effects......Page 451
The Stability of Alienation Model......Page 457
Numeric Custom Estimands......Page 463
Dragging and Dropping......Page 467
Defining a Dichotomous Estimand......Page 477
About the Example......Page 481
Performing Multiple Data Imputation Using Amos Graphics......Page 482
Analyzing the Imputed Data Files Using SPSS......Page 489
Step 2: Ten Separate Analyses......Page 490
Step 3: Combining Results of Multiply Imputed Data Files......Page 491
Further Reading......Page 493
About the Data......Page 495
Analyzing the Data......Page 497
Performing a Regression Analysis......Page 498
Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 501
Imputation......Page 504
General Inequality Constraints on Data Values......Page 508
About the Data......Page 509
Specifying the Data File......Page 511
Recoding the Data within Amos......Page 512
Specifying the Model......Page 520
Fitting the Model......Page 521
MCMC Diagnostics......Page 524
Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 526
Posterior Predictive Distributions for Latent Variables......Page 531
Imputation......Page 536
About the Data......Page 541
Performing the Analysis......Page 544
Specifying the Data File......Page 546
Specifying the Model......Page 550
Fitting the Model......Page 552
Classifying Individual Cases......Page 555
Latent Structure Analysis......Page 557
About the Data......Page 559
Performing the Analysis......Page 560
Specifying the Data File......Page 562
Specifying the Model......Page 565
Constraining the Parameters......Page 566
Fitting the Model......Page 568
Classifying Individual Cases......Page 571
Latent Structure Analysis......Page 573
Label Switching......Page 574
First Dataset......Page 577
Second Dataset......Page 579
The Group Variable in the Dataset......Page 580
Performing the Analysis......Page 581
Specifying the Data File......Page 583
Specifying the Model......Page 586
Fitting the Model......Page 587
Classifying Individual Cases......Page 592
Improving Parameter Estimates......Page 593
Prior Distribution of Group Proportions......Page 595
Label Switching......Page 596
A Notation......Page 597
B Discrepancy Functions......Page 599
C Measures of Fit......Page 603
DF......Page 604
P......Page 605
Rules of Thumb......Page 607
NCP......Page 608
RMSEA......Page 609
Rule of Thumb......Page 610
AIC......Page 611
BIC......Page 612
ECVI......Page 613
Comparisons to a Baseline Model......Page 614
NFI......Page 615
RFI......Page 616
TLI......Page 617
Parsimony Adjusted Measures......Page 618
GFI......Page 619
AGFI......Page 620
HOELTER......Page 621
RMR......Page 622
Selected List of Fit Measures......Page 623
D Numeric Diagnosis of Non-Identifiability......Page 625
E Using Fit Measures to Rank Models......Page 627
F Baseline Models for Descriptive Fit Measures......Page 631
Zero-Based Rescaling......Page 633
Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Sum = 1)......Page 634
Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Max = 1)......Page 635
Bibliography......Page 637
Index......Page 649