American Public School Law, 6th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 8
Table of Cases......Page 16
Preface......Page 38
The Nature of Public School Law......Page 42
Statutes......Page 43
Powers and Functions of Courts......Page 44
Determining Constitutionality......Page 45
Nature and Authority of Judicial Precedents......Page 47
Rule of Law......Page 48
Understanding Judicial Decisions......Page 49
Case or Controversy......Page 50
A Legitimate Controversy......Page 51
State Courts......Page 52
Federal Courts......Page 53
Vertical Judicial Federalism: The Legal Context......Page 56
Process of Going to Court......Page 58
CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS......Page 62
The Puritan Influence......Page 63
A System of Education......Page 64
Education and Natural Law......Page 66
The Struggle for Public Schools......Page 67
Defining the Public Schools......Page 68
Preamble to a Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge (1779)......Page 69
Education Provisions of State Constitutions......Page 70
McDuffy v. Secretary of the Executive Office of Education......Page 72
Education as a Fundamental Right under State Constitutions......Page 77
Claremont School District v. Governor......Page 79
Commonwealth v. Hartman......Page 81
Expansion of Public Schools......Page 82
Charter Schools......Page 84
Council of Organizations of Others for Education about Parochiad v. Governor......Page 86
Tuition and Fees in Public Schools......Page 90
Randolph County Board of Education v. Adams......Page 91
Cardiff v. Bismarck Public School District......Page 93
Hartzell v. Connell......Page 97
CHAPTER 3 ROLE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT......Page 103
The Land Ordinances......Page 104
Sources of the Federal Role......Page 106
Tenth Amendment and State Sovereignty......Page 108
General Welfare and Education......Page 110
Commerce Clause and Education......Page 111
United States v. Lopez......Page 113
Supremacy Clause......Page 115
Shepheard v. Godwin......Page 117
Eleventh Amendment Immunity......Page 119
Bill of Rights and Absorption by the Fourteenth Amendment......Page 122
Fourth Amendment......Page 124
Eighth Amendment......Page 125
Fourteenth Amendment......Page 126
Fundamental Rights and Education......Page 127
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez......Page 130
Education as a Unique Governmental Function......Page 133
Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools......Page 134
CHAPTER 4 GOVERNANCE OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS......Page 139
Education as a State Function......Page 140
Limits of State Control......Page 141
State ex rel. Clark v. Haworth......Page 142
State and Local Educational Agencies......Page 144
McGilvra v. Seattle School District No. 1......Page 146
Clark v. Jefferson County Board of Education......Page 147
Delegation of Legislative Powers......Page 149
In the Petition to Transfer Territory from High School District No. 6, Lame Deer, Rosebud County, Montana, to High School District No. 1, Hardin, Big Horn County v. Lame Deer High School District......Page 150
Executive Functions......Page 153
School District No. 39 of Washington County v. Decker......Page 154
Quasi-Judicial Functions......Page 157
Hortonville Joint School District No. 1 v. Hortonville Education Association......Page 158
Judicial Review of School Board Actions......Page 160
Sioux City Community School District v. Iowa Department of Education......Page 162
Authority of Interscholastic Organizations......Page 165
Quimby v. School District No. 21 of Pinal County......Page 166
School Officers......Page 168
Smith v. Dorsey......Page 169
Williams v. Augusta County School Board......Page 171
School Elections......Page 172
Hadley v. Junior College District of Metropolitan Kansas City, Mo......Page 174
School Board Meetings......Page 176
Aldridge v. School District of North Platte......Page 177
Open Meetings......Page 180
Public Records......Page 181
Rhode Island Affiliate, American Civil Liberties Union, Inc. v. Bernasconi......Page 182
Hovet v. Hebron Public School District......Page 184
CHAPTER 5 CHURCH AND STATE......Page 190
Wall of Separation......Page 191
Religious Intolerance......Page 193
Colonial Establishments......Page 194
Religious Assessments......Page 195
An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom......Page 196
Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments......Page 197
Church Opposition to Schools of the Republic......Page 199
The Public School and Religion......Page 201
Everson v. Board of Education......Page 203
Board of Education of Central School District No. 1 v. Allen......Page 206
Lemon v. Kurtzman......Page 209
The Wall Begins to Crumble......Page 214
Mueller v. Allen......Page 215
The Marginalizing of Lemon......Page 218
The Establishment Clause Reduced......Page 219
Zobest v. Catalina Foothills School District......Page 221
Agostini v. Felton......Page 223
Mitchell v. Helms......Page 226
Separation......Page 233
Non-Preferential Subsidization......Page 234
Vouchers......Page 236
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris......Page 238
Antiestablishment Provisions in State Constitutions......Page 242
Dickman v. School District No. 62 C......Page 246
Released Time for Religious Instruction......Page 248
Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education of School District No. 71, Champaign County, Illinois......Page 249
Zorach v. Clauson......Page 250
A Bifurcated Standard......Page 252
Silent Meditation......Page 253
Student-Initiated Religious Speech......Page 254
Prayer at Graduation and Extracurricular Activities......Page 255
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett......Page 256
Wallace v. Jaffree......Page 258
Lee v. Weisman......Page 261
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe......Page 263
Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens......Page 269
Facilities......Page 277
Good News Club v. Milford Central School......Page 278
Flag Salute......Page 281
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette......Page 282
CHAPTER 6 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE......Page 289
State Prerogative......Page 290
Plyler v. Doe......Page 291
Martinez v. Bynum......Page 295
Compulsory School Attendance......Page 298
Parens Patriae......Page 299
Instruction in Private Schools......Page 301
Equivalent Instruction......Page 302
Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary......Page 303
The Amish Exception......Page 305
Wisconsin v. Yoder......Page 306
Johnson v. Charles City Community Schools Board of Education......Page 310
Home Schooling......Page 313
Swanson v. Guthrie Independent School District I-L......Page 319
Murphy v. State of Arkansas......Page 321
In re interest of Rebekah T......Page 324
Illness......Page 328
Vaccination......Page 329
Maack v. School District of Lincoln......Page 331
CHAPTER 7 THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM......Page 337
Judicial Deference to School Officials......Page 338
State ex rel. Andrews v. Webber......Page 340
Sandlin v. Johnson......Page 342
Meyer v. Nebraska......Page 343
Immediato v. Rye Neck School District......Page 345
Curriculum and the Pall of Orthodoxy......Page 350
Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico......Page 351
Counts v. Cedarville School District......Page 355
Virgil v. School Board of Columbia County, Florida......Page 359
Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education......Page 362
Brown v. Woodland Joint Unified School District......Page 366
Obscenity and Sex......Page 369
Films......Page 371
Leebaert v. Harrington......Page 372
Keefe v. Geanakos......Page 376
Boring v. Buncombe Co. Board of Education......Page 378
Evolution versus Creationism......Page 381
Epperson v. State of Arkansas......Page 384
Edwards v. Aguillard......Page 385
Student Testing and Promotion......Page 388
Due Process and Testing......Page 389
Equal Protection and Testing......Page 390
Debra P. v. Turlington......Page 391
Grading and Academic Requirements......Page 394
Grade Reduction......Page 395
Campbell v. Board of Education of Town of New Milford......Page 396
Bilingual Education Programs......Page 400
Lau v. Nichols......Page 401
CHAPTER 8 STUDENT RIGHTS: SPEECH, EXPRESSION, AND PRIVACY......Page 405
Freedom of Speech and Expression......Page 406
Material and Substantial Disruption......Page 407
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District......Page 408
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser......Page 410
Chandler v. McMinnville School District......Page 413
Hair Length......Page 416
School Uniforms......Page 417
Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board......Page 418
Forum Analysis Applied to Schools......Page 422
Lamb\'s Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District......Page 423
Student Publications......Page 426
Forum Analysis and Student Newspapers......Page 427
Religious Publications......Page 428
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier......Page 429
The Internet and Free Speech......Page 434
Beussink v. Woodland R-IV School District......Page 435
Privacy: Search and Seizure......Page 438
T.L.O. and Reasonableness......Page 439
Special Needs and the Expansion of School Search Powers......Page 441
Canine Searches......Page 442
Metal Dettctor Searches......Page 443
Liability for Illegal Search......Page 444
New Jersey v. T. L. O......Page 445
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton......Page 450
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls......Page 453
Cornfield v. Consolidated High School District No. 230......Page 458
State of Iowa v. Jones......Page 461
Isiah B. v. State of Wisconsin......Page 465
CHAPTER 9 STUDENT RIGHTS: COMMON LAW, CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS, AND STATUTORY PROTECTIONS......Page 471
Common Law and the Student......Page 472
Reasonableness......Page 473
Wiemerslage v. Maine Township High School District 207......Page 474
Substantive Due Process......Page 476
Extension of Substantive Due Process......Page 479
Dunn v. Fairfield Community High School District No. 225......Page 480
Student Discipline at Common Law......Page 482
Liberty Interests......Page 484
Ingraham v. Wright......Page 486
Procedural Due Process......Page 489
Dixon v. Alabama State Board of Education......Page 492
Goss v. Lopez......Page 493
McClain v. Lafayette County Board of Education......Page 496
Zero Tolerance......Page 500
Sexual Harassment of Students......Page 502
Deliberate Indifference......Page 504
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools......Page 505
Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District......Page 507
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education......Page 510
Baynard v. Malone......Page 513
Child Abuse......Page 517
Penalty for Failure to Report......Page 518
Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Caldwell......Page 519
CHAPTER 10 RIGHTS OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES......Page 525
A History of Neglect......Page 526
The Turning Point......Page 527
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia......Page 528
Amendments to the EAHCA......Page 532
The 1997 Amendments to the IDEA......Page 533
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 534
Free Appropriate Public Education......Page 535
Regression–Recoupment Dilemma......Page 537
Procedural Safeguards......Page 538
Individualized Education Programs......Page 539
Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley......Page 540
Timothy W. v. Rochester School District......Page 543
Least-Restrictive Environment......Page 546
Oberti ex rel. Oberti v. Board of Education of Clementon School District......Page 549
Beth v. Van Clay......Page 554
Placement in Private Schools......Page 557
The Burlington Test......Page 558
Florence County School District Four v. Carter......Page 559
Foley v. Special School District of St. Louis County......Page 562
KDM v. Reedsport School District......Page 564
Related Services......Page 566
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro......Page 567
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F......Page 569
Discipline and the \"Stay-Put\" Provision......Page 571
The \"Stay-Put\" Provision......Page 572
Honig v. Doe......Page 573
Attorney\'s Fees......Page 577
Liability for Reimbursement of Parents......Page 578
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504......Page 579
Difference Between Section 504 and the IDEA......Page 580
Timothy H. v. Cedar Rapids Community School District......Page 581
The IDEA and AIDS......Page 583
Martinez v. School Board of Hillsborough County......Page 584
CHAPTER 11 TORT LIABILITY......Page 590
Intentional Interference......Page 591
Battery......Page 592
Interference with Peace of Mind......Page 593
Spears v. Jefferson Parish School Board......Page 594
Strict Liability......Page 595
Fallon v. Indiana Trail School......Page 596
Negligence......Page 597
Duty......Page 598
Standard of Care......Page 599
Proximate or Legal Cause......Page 600
Brown v. Tesack......Page 601
Brownell v. Los Angeles Unified School District......Page 604
Johnson v. School District of Millard......Page 606
Richardson v. Corvallis Public School District No. 1......Page 610
Defenses for Negligence......Page 611
Assumption of Risk......Page 612
Wallmuth v. Rapides Parish School Board......Page 613
Stevens v. Chesteen......Page 616
Hutchinson v. Toews......Page 618
Aaris v. Las Virgenes Unified School District......Page 620
Hammond v. Board of Education of Carroll County......Page 622
Exculpatory Releases......Page 625
Wagenblast v. Odessa School District No. 105-157-166J......Page 626
Educational Malpractice......Page 628
Donohue v. Copiague Union Free School District......Page 629
CHAPTER 12 DEFAMATION AND STUDENT RECORDS......Page 634
Defamation in Public Schools......Page 635
Privilege......Page 636
Good Faith......Page 637
Defamation Per Se and Per Quod......Page 638
Public Officials and Figures......Page 639
Malice......Page 641
Hett v. Ploetz......Page 642
Desselle v. Guillory......Page 644
Phillips v. Lincoln County School District......Page 647
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co......Page 649
Richmond Newspapers, Inc., v. Lipscomb......Page 653
Johnson v. Robbinsdale Independent School District No. 281......Page 657
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act......Page 662
Parental Rights......Page 664
Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo......Page 665
CHAPTER 13 SCHOOL DISTRICT LIABILITY......Page 672
Sovereign Immunity......Page 673
Molitor v. Kaneland Community Unit District No. 302......Page 674
Richardson v. Rankin County School District......Page 677
Yanero v. Davis......Page 678
Lentz v. Morris......Page 682
Discretionary Functions......Page 684
Mosley v. Portland School District No. 1J......Page 685
Ette ex rel. Ette v. Linn-Mar Community School District......Page 687
Dugger v. Sprouse......Page 690
Proprietary Functions......Page 691
Tanari v. School Directors of District No. 502......Page 692
Nuisance......Page 694
Section 1983, Civil Rights Act of 1871 Liability......Page 695
\"Persons\" under the Act......Page 696
Official Negligence under Section 1983......Page 697
Wood v. Strickland......Page 698
Eleventh Amendment Immunity and Local School Districts......Page 702
Minton v. St. Bernard Parish School Board......Page 703
Duke v. Grady Municipal Schools......Page 705
CHAPTER 14 CERTIFICATION, CONTRACTS, AND TENURE......Page 710
Background......Page 711
Requirements......Page 712
Ambach v. Norwick......Page 713
Wardwell v. Board of Education of the City School District of the City of Cincinnati......Page 715
Application of Bay......Page 716
Erb v. Iowa State Board of Public Instruction......Page 719
The Standard Contract......Page 721
Fairplay School Township v. O\'Neal......Page 722
Feldhusen v. Beach Public School District No. 3......Page 723
Scheer v. Independent School District No. I-26 of Ottawa County......Page 725
Appeal of Santee......Page 727
Collins v. Faith School District #46-2......Page 729
Insubordination......Page 732
Gaylord v. Board of Education, Unified District No. 218, Morton County......Page 734
In re Termination of James E. Johnson......Page 735
Immorality......Page 736
Immoral Conduct......Page 737
Toney v. Fairbanks North Star Borough School District......Page 738
Board of Education of Hopkins County v. Wood......Page 741
Elvin v. City of Waterville......Page 743
Gaylord v. Tacoma School District No. 10......Page 744
Cause or Good Cause......Page 747
Board of Directors of Lawton-Bronson v. Davies......Page 748
Zoll v. Eastern Allamakee Community School District......Page 751
Constitutional Protection of Contracts......Page 753
State v. Project Principle, Inc.......Page 755
CHAPTER 15 TEACHER RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS......Page 759
Academic Freedom......Page 760
First Amendment: Primary Repository......Page 761
Speech Rights of Public Employees......Page 762
Pickering and the Balancing of Interests......Page 763
Mt. Healthy and Motivating Factors......Page 764
Speech and the Connick Rule......Page 765
Pickering v. Board of Education......Page 766
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle......Page 770
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District......Page 775
Stroman v. Colleton County School District......Page 777
East Hartford Education Association v. Board of Education......Page 779
Seemuller v. Fairfax County School Board......Page 781
Privacy......Page 784
Teacher Workplace Searches......Page 785
Daury v. Smith......Page 786
Drug Testing of Teachers......Page 788
Knox County Education Association v. Knox County Board of Education......Page 790
Title VII......Page 796
Religious Garb......Page 797
Cooper v. Eugene School District No. 4J......Page 798
Beilan v. Board of Public Education, School District of Philadelphia......Page 801
CHAPTER 16 DUE PROCESS RIGHTS OF TEACHERS......Page 806
Liberty Interests......Page 807
Property Interests......Page 808
Board of Regents v. Roth......Page 809
Perry v. Sindermann......Page 812
Hearing......Page 816
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill......Page 818
Crump v. Board of Education of Hickory Administrative School Unit......Page 822
Loyalty Oaths......Page 826
Wieman v. Updegraff......Page 828
Resident Status......Page 830
Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur......Page 831
CHAPTER 17 DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT......Page 835
Federal Civil Rights Statutes......Page 836
Equal Protection Clause......Page 837
Title VII......Page 839
Griggs v. Duke Power Co......Page 840
United States v. South Carolina......Page 841
Hazelwood School District v. United States......Page 846
Diversity and Affirmative Action......Page 849
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education......Page 851
Taxman v. Board of Education of the Township of Piscataway......Page 853
Sex Discrimination......Page 857
Pregnancy......Page 858
Title IX......Page 859
North Haven Board of Education v. Bell......Page 860
Sexual Harassment......Page 861
Hostile Environment......Page 862
Retaliation......Page 863
Clark County School District v. Breeden......Page 864
Masson v. School Board of Dade County......Page 866
Trautvetter v. Quick......Page 870
Religious Discrimination......Page 872
Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook......Page 873
Cowan v. Strafford R-VI School District......Page 875
Equal Pay Act......Page 877
Danzl v. North St. Paul–Maplewood–Oakdale Independent School District No. 622......Page 878
Age Discrimination......Page 880
Wooden v. Board of Education of Jefferson County......Page 883
Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities......Page 885
School Board of Nassau County v. Arline......Page 886
Chalk v. United States District Court Central District of California and Orange County Superintendent of Schools......Page 890
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993......Page 892
Background of Labor Relations......Page 896
Private versus Public Sector Bargaining......Page 897
The Right of Public Employees to Bargain Collectively......Page 898
Norwalk Teachers Association v. Board of Education of City of Norwalk......Page 900
Anderson Federation of Teachers, Local 519 v. School City of Anderson......Page 903
Board of Education v. New Jersey Education Association......Page 904
Indiana State Teachers Association v. Board of School Commissioners of the City of Indianapolis......Page 906
School Board of the City of Richmond v. Parham......Page 909
City of Biddeford v. Biddeford Teachers Association......Page 911
Scope of Bargaining......Page 913
Kenai Peninsula Borough School District v. Kenai Peninsula Education Association......Page 914
Bargaining Rights......Page 917
Constitutional Rights of Individuals......Page 918
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education......Page 919
Grunwald v. San Bernardino City Unified School District......Page 922
City of Madison v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission......Page 926
CHAPTER 19 DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS......Page 930
Historical Background......Page 931
Erosion of Separate-but-Equal......Page 933
Brown and the Demise of Segregated Schools......Page 934
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka......Page 936
Interpreting Brown......Page 938
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County......Page 940
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County......Page 943
De Facto Segregation......Page 946
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver......Page 947
Swann and the Four Student Assignment Issues......Page 950
Racial Balances or Racial Quotas......Page 951
Remedial Altering of Attendance Zones......Page 952
Transportation of Students......Page 953
Unitariness......Page 954
Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler......Page 955
Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools, Independent School District No. 89 v. Dowell......Page 958
Freeman v. Pitts......Page 960
Remedial and Compensatory Remedies......Page 965
Missouri v. Jenkins (Jenkins I)......Page 966
Missouri v. Jenkins (Jenkins II)......Page 969
Diversity......Page 972
Interdistrict Desegregation......Page 973
Milliken v. Bradley......Page 975
CHAPTER 20 SCHOOL FINANCE......Page 980
The Development of the American State and Local Tax System......Page 981
Florida Department of Education v. Glasser......Page 983
Marion and McPherson Railway Co. v. Alexander......Page 984
Distribution of State School Funds......Page 986
School Finance Equity Litigation......Page 987
Equal Protection Clause and School Finance......Page 988
Rodriguez and Its Aftermath......Page 989
Litigation under State Constitutions......Page 990
Fundamentality and State Constitutions......Page 991
Rose v. Council for Better Education, Inc.......Page 993
Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby......Page 996
DeRolph v. State......Page 1001
Committee for Educational Rights v. Edgar......Page 1010
Budgeting and Accounting for School Funds......Page 1013
San Benito Independent School District v. Farmers\' State Bank......Page 1014
Petition of Auditors of Hatfield Township School District......Page 1017
Public School Indebtedness......Page 1018
Revell v. Mayor of City of Annapolis......Page 1019
Hewitt v. Board of Education......Page 1020
CHAPTER 21 SCHOOL PROPERTY AND BUILDINGS......Page 1025
City of Bloomfield v. Davis County Community School District......Page 1026
Edmonds School District No. 15 v. City of Mountlake Terrace......Page 1028
In re Board of Public Instruction of Alachua County......Page 1030
Alexander v. Phillips......Page 1032
Mullins v. Board of Education of Etowah County......Page 1035
Eminent Domain......Page 1037
Oxford County Agricultural Society v. School District No. 17......Page 1038
In re School District of Pittsburgh......Page 1039
Dare County Board of Education v. Sakaria......Page 1040
Lovejoy v. School District No. 46, Sedgwick County......Page 1043
Reversion of School Property......Page 1045
Williams v. McKenzie......Page 1046
Appendix A: Selected Constitutional Provisions......Page 1050
Appendix B: Selected Federal Statutes......Page 1054
Appendix C: Public Schools Provisions in State Constitutions......Page 1068
Appendix D: Glossary of Terms......Page 1073
Index......Page 1078