American Media History

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 15
INTRODUCTION: BEFORE THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE......Page 20
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Johannes Gutenberg 1400–1467......Page 21
The Printing Press in Early England......Page 24
John Milton and British Roots of Free Expression......Page 27
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke......Page 28
Conclusion......Page 29
PART 1 1690–1833 THE PRESS IN EARLY AMERICA......Page 32
CHAPTER 1 THE COLONIAL YEARS......Page 34
Printing in British America......Page 36
Benjamin Harris, Printer......Page 39
John Campbell, Favored Printer......Page 40
James Franklin, Rebel Printer......Page 41
Benjamin Franklin, Cautious Printer......Page 45
Tests of Press Freedom......Page 48
Anna Zenger and Colonial Women of the Press......Page 53
Conclusion......Page 55
CHAPTER 2 THE PRESS AND THE REVOLUTION......Page 58
The Seven Years’ War......Page 59
The Stamp Act of 1765......Page 60
Voices on the Road to Revolution......Page 61
James Rivington, the Tory Voice......Page 63
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Thomas Paine 1737–1809......Page 65
John Dickinson, the Whig Voice......Page 67
Isaiah Thomas, the Patriot Voice......Page 69
Samuel Adams, the “Master of the Puppets”......Page 70
Edes and Gill’s Boston Gazette......Page 71
The Sons of Liberty......Page 74
Declaration of Independence......Page 77
Newspapers as a Revolutionary Force......Page 78
The Revolutionary War’s Impact on the Press......Page 79
Freedom of the Press......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 82
CHAPTER 3 THE PRESS AND THE FOUNDING OF A NATION......Page 84
The Bill of Rights and Press Freedom......Page 86
The Federalists and Federalist Editors......Page 88
The Federalist Editors: Fenno, Cobbett, and Russell......Page 89
The Anti-Federalists and Anti-Federalist Editors......Page 90
Anti-Federalist Editors: Freneau and Bache......Page 91
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Philip Freneau 1752–1832......Page 93
The Role of the Press in Political Coverage......Page 94
Washington and the Press......Page 95
Jefferson and the Press......Page 97
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798......Page 98
The Party Press in Retrospect......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 100
PART 2 1833–1860 A NEW POLITICS, A NEW PRESS......Page 102
CHAPTER 4 A PRESS FOR THE MASSES......Page 104
Benjamin Day and the New York Sun......Page 105
James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald......Page 107
James Gordon Bennett As Innovator......Page 109
James Gordon Bennett and the Great Moral War......Page 111
Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune......Page 114
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: William Cullen Bryant 1794–1878......Page 115
The New York Tribune......Page 117
Editorial Influence of the “Great Moral Organ”......Page 118
The Penny Press and the Mexican War......Page 120
Henry Jarvis Raymond and the New York Times......Page 123
Why a Press for the Masses?......Page 124
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Andrew Jackson 1767–1845......Page 125
Conclusion......Page 127
PART 3 1860–1900 THE AGE OF NEW JOURNALISM......Page 130
CHAPTER 5 A DIVIDED NATION, A DIVIDED MEDIA......Page 132
Roots of the Conflict......Page 133
Before the Storm......Page 134
William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator......Page 135
Lovejoy, Birney, and Tappan......Page 136
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811–1896......Page 137
Frederick Douglass and The North Star......Page 139
The Press on the Eve of War......Page 141
The Civil War Press in the North......Page 142
Women Correspondents of the North......Page 143
Magazines of the North and the South......Page 144
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Jane Grey Cannon Swisshelm 1815–1884......Page 145
Lincoln and the Press......Page 147
Lincoln and Greeley......Page 150
Censorship and the Civil War......Page 152
“Mob Censorship”......Page 153
Censorship by Armies......Page 154
Impact of the Civil War on the Press......Page 156
The Civil War and the Practice of Journalism......Page 158
Conclusion......Page 161
CHAPTER 6 THE YELLOW PRESS AND THE TIMES......Page 164
Newspapers as Public Defenders......Page 165
Joseph Pulitzer......Page 167
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch......Page 169
The New York World......Page 170
Pulitzer’s New Journalism......Page 171
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Nellie Bly 1864–1922......Page 174
Pulitzer’s Sunday World......Page 175
Yellow Journalism......Page 176
The San Francisco Examiner......Page 178
The New York Morning Journal......Page 179
The Spanish-American War of 1898......Page 181
Press Coverage of the War......Page 182
McKinley’s Assassination......Page 185
Adolph Ochs and the New York Times......Page 187
Conclusion......Page 190
Robber Barons on the Rise......Page 194
Enter the Muckrakers......Page 195
Muckraking Magazines......Page 197
Ida Tarbell......Page 199
Lincoln Steffens......Page 201
David Graham Phillips......Page 203
Upton Sinclair......Page 205
Muckraking’s impact......Page 206
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Upton Sinclair 1878–1968......Page 207
The Death of Muckraking......Page 209
Digests and Newsmagazines......Page 210
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Margaret Bourke-White 1904–1971......Page 213
The Birth of Public Relations......Page 218
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: P. T. Barnum 1810–1891......Page 219
Ivy Lee......Page 221
Edward L. Bernays......Page 223
Expansion of Corporate Public Relations......Page 224
Conclusion......Page 226
PART 4 1900–1950 MEDIA PROMISES IN A TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY......Page 228
CHAPTER 8 AMERICAN FILM......Page 230
Motion Picture Experimentation......Page 231
Story-Telling Motion Pictures......Page 233
D. W. Griffith and the Art of Filmmaking......Page 234
Mack Sennett Defines Film Comedy......Page 236
Hollywood......Page 237
Economic Expansion of the Motion Picture Business......Page 238
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Thomas Ince 1882–1924......Page 239
Film as a Social and Political Power......Page 241
Sound Motion Pictures......Page 243
Period Films Reflect Politics and Society......Page 244
Challenges to the Motion-Picture Industry......Page 245
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Louis B. Mayer 1885–1957......Page 247
Conclusion......Page 254
CHAPTER 9 RADIO AND ITS PROMISES......Page 256
Scientific Achievements and the Rise of Communications Giants......Page 257
Radio Stations......Page 265
Radio Financing......Page 266
Formation of the Networks......Page 267
Radio Programming......Page 269
Political Broadcasting......Page 271
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt 1882–1945 and 1884–1962......Page 273
Regulation of Radio Broadcasting......Page 276
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Ernie Pyle 1900–1945......Page 277
Radio Broadcasting in Transition......Page 281
Talk, Talk, Talk......Page 282
Social and Political Impact of Radio......Page 283
Conclusion......Page 285
Early TV Inventors......Page 288
Zworykin, Sarnoff, and Farnsworth......Page 290
Television Arrives......Page 292
The Color War......Page 293
Early TV Entertainment......Page 296
Quiz Show Scandals......Page 297
Television News......Page 300
Edward R. Murrow......Page 301
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Walter Cronkite 1916–......Page 311
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Barbara Walters 1931–......Page 313
The Media and Civil Rights......Page 315
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Ruben Salazar 1928–1970......Page 317
Women in Television News......Page 318
Conclusion......Page 321
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Christiane Amanour 1958–......Page 319
PART 5 1950–PRESENT MEDIA CHALLENGES IN A CHANGING WORLD......Page 324
Advertising’s Economic Role......Page 326
A Special Rhetoric......Page 327
Colonial Era Advertising......Page 328
Advertising in the Penny Press Period......Page 329
Post-Civil War: Advertising Agents and Advertising Agencies......Page 331
Advertising in the Gilded Age......Page 334
Advertising and the Progressive Era......Page 338
Radio and Advertising......Page 340
Television and Advertising......Page 341
Advertising as a Social Force......Page 342
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Mary Wells Lawrence 1928–......Page 343
Advertising as a Political Force......Page 344
The Digital World and Advertising......Page 346
Advertising’s Future......Page 347
Conclusion......Page 348
CHAPTER 12 THE MEDIA AND NATIONAL CRISES......Page 350
Journalists’ Changing Values......Page 351
Vietnam......Page 352
Watergate......Page 358
The “Pentagon Papers”......Page 359
The Break-In......Page 360
The Cover-Up......Page 361
Nixon and the Press......Page 363
The Post-Watergate Pardon......Page 364
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Helen Thomas 1920–......Page 365
Middle East Crisis......Page 367
The Iran Crisis......Page 368
America’s New Dawn—Or so the Ads Said......Page 370
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: I. F. Stone 1907–1989......Page 371
The Struggle for Access......Page 372
Grenada and Press Control......Page 374
Iran-Contra Scandal......Page 375
“The New World Order”......Page 376
The Gulf War and Press Access......Page 377
Tabloidization of the Media......Page 379
A New Kind of Enemy......Page 382
Embedded Reporters in Iraq......Page 383
Conclusion......Page 386
CHAPTER 13 THE INTERNET REVOLUTION AND THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION......Page 388
From Abacus to Computer......Page 389
From Dinosaur to Desktop......Page 392
The IBM & Macintosh Era......Page 393
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Bill Gates 1955–......Page 395
The Internet......Page 397
The World Wide Web......Page 399
Social Networking in Cyberspace......Page 400
Second Life in the Metaverse......Page 401
Videos in Cyberspace: YouTube......Page 402
The First Internet Election......Page 403
AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Steve Jobs 1955–......Page 405
The Ethnic and Alternative Media in the Information Age......Page 406
Megamergers and the Future of Media and Democracy......Page 409
Conclusion......Page 410
ENDNOTES......Page 412
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 435
INDEX......Page 442