American Health: Demographics and Spending of Health Care Consumers - 3rd edition

Table of Contents......Page 6
List of Tables......Page 9
List of Illustrations......Page 16
Introduction......Page 20
Chap. 1 Addictions......Page 22
Men Are More Likely than Women to Smoke......Page 23
Table 1.1 Cigarette Smoking Status of People Aged 18 or Older by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 24
Table 1.2 Percent Distribution of People Aged 18 or Older by Cigarette Smoking Status, 2008......Page 25
Table 1.3 Current Smokers by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 26
Table 1.4 Cigarette Smoking by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 27
Health Professionals Are Advising Smokers to Quit......Page 28
Table 1.5 Advised to Quit Smoking during Routine Health Checkup, 2007......Page 29
By 11th Grade, Most Teens Have Smoked a Cigarette......Page 30
Table 1.6 Cigarette Use among 12-to-17-Year-Olds, 1999–2004......Page 31
Table 1.8 Attitudes of 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders toward Cigarette Smoking, 1999 and 2009......Page 32
Drinking Varies by Demographics......Page 33
Table 1.9 Alcohol Drinking Status of People Aged 18 or Older by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 34
Table 1.10 Percent Distribution of People Aged 18 or Older by Alcohol Drinking Status, 2008......Page 35
Table 1.11 Alcohol Use by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 36
Table 1.12 Alcohol Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 37
Table 1.13 Binge Drinking and Heavy Alcohol Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 38
Most High School Students Have Tried Alcohol......Page 39
Table 1.15 Alcohol Use by 9th to 12th Graders, 2007......Page 40
Table 1.16 Attitudes of 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders toward Drinking, 1999 and 2009......Page 41
Marijuana Is the Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug......Page 42
Table 1.17 Illicit Drug Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 43
Table 1.18 Lifetime Illicit Drug Use by Type of Drug and Age, 2008......Page 44
Table 1.19 Past Year Illicit Drug Use by Type of Drug and Age, 2008......Page 45
Table 1.20 Past Month Illicit Drug Use by Type of Drug and Age, 2008......Page 46
Thirty-Eight Percent of High School Students Have Smoked Pot......Page 47
Table 1.22 Marijuana Use by People Aged 12 or Older, 2008......Page 48
Table 1.24 Marijuana Use by 9th to 12th Graders, 2007......Page 49
Teen Drug Use Fell in the Past Decade......Page 50
Table 1.25 Drug Use by 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 1999 and 2009......Page 51
Table 1.26 Attitudes of 12th Graders toward Drug Use, 1999 and 2009......Page 52
Most Addicts Do Not Get the Treatment They Need......Page 53
Table 1.27 Treatment for Drug or Alcohol Problems in Past Year, 2008......Page 54
Chap. 2 Aging......Page 56
With Age, Health Problems Grow......Page 57
Table 2.2 Difficulties in Physical and Social Functioning among Adults Aged 55 or Older by Age, 2004–07......Page 58
Table 2.3 Health Care Access among Adults Aged 55 or Older by Age, 2004–07......Page 59
Most Older Americans Can Care for Themselves......Page 60
Table 2.5 People Aged 65 or Older Who Need Help Performing Activities of Daily Living, 2008......Page 61
Table 2.6 Difficulty Performing Instrumental Activities of Daily Living among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2006......Page 62
Table 2.7 Incontinence among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2006......Page 63
Fewer People Are in Nursing Homes......Page 64
Table 2.8 Number of Nursing Home Residents and Rate of Nursing Home Care, 1977 to 2004......Page 65
Table 2.9 Nursing Home Residents Aged 65 or Older by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2004......Page 66
Table 2.10 Nursing Home Residents by Marital Status and Prior Living Arrangement, 2004......Page 67
Chap. 3 Alternative Medicine......Page 68
Millions Turn to Alternative Medicine......Page 69
Table 3.1 Use of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Type and Age, 2007......Page 70
Table 3.3 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Sex, 2007......Page 71
Table 3.5 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Region, 2007......Page 72
Table 3.7 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Health Insurance Status, 2007......Page 73
Table 3.9 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Smoking Status, 2007......Page 74
Table 3.11 Users of Alternative and Complementary Medicine by Number of Health Conditions, 2007......Page 75
Table 3.12 Characteristics of Children Who Use Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007......Page 76
Alternative Therapies Are Most Commonly Used for Back Problems......Page 77
Table 3.14 Alternative Medicine Use among Children by Disease or Condition, 2007......Page 78
Table 3.16 Children’s Use of Nonvitamin, Nonmineral Natural Products by Type, 2007......Page 79
We Spend Billions on Alternative Medicine......Page 80
Table 3.17 Total Visits and Out-of-Pocket Costs for Visits to Alternative and Complementary Medicine Practitioners by Type, 2007......Page 81
Table 3.18 Per-Person Visits and Out-of-Pocket Costs of Visits to Alternative and Complementary Medicine Practitioners by Type, 2007......Page 82
Table 3.19 Cost of Alternative and Complementary Medicine Materials and Therapy, 2007......Page 83
Chap. 4 Attitudes toward Health Care......Page 84
Fewer Americans Have Confidence in the Medical Community......Page 85
Table 4.1 Confidence in Medicine, 1978 to 2008......Page 86
Table 4.2 Spending on Improving Nation’s Health, 1978 to 2008......Page 87
Table 4.3 Government Should Help Pay for Medical Care, 1988 and 2008......Page 88
Most People Say Their Health Is Very Good or Excellent......Page 89
Table 4.4 Health Status by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 90
Table 4.5 Health Status of Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 91
Table 4.7 Days of Poor Physical Health in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 92
Table 4.9 Days of Activity Limitation in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 93
Table 4.10 Frequent Activity Limitation Days in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 94
Inability to Pay for Health Care Is a Problem for Many......Page 95
Table 4.11 People with Problems Receiving Medical Care by Reason, 2007......Page 96
Table 4.12 People with Problems Receiving Prescriptions by Reason, 2007......Page 97
Table 4.13 People with Problems Receiving Dental Care by Reason, 2007......Page 98
Many Patients Want More Time with Health Care Providers......Page 99
Table 4.14 Attitude toward Scheduling Routine Health Care Appointments among Adults, 2007......Page 100
Table 4.15 Attitude toward Scheduling Routine Health Care Appointments for Children, 2007......Page 101
Table 4.16 Health Care Provider Spent Enough Time with Adult Patient, 2007......Page 102
Table 4.17 Health Care Provider Spent Enough Time with Children and Their Parents, 2007......Page 103
Most Patients Say Providers Always Explain, Listen, and Show Respect......Page 104
Table 4.18 Health Care Provider Explained Things Clearly to Adult Patient, 2007......Page 105
Table 4.19 Health Care Provider Explained Things Clearly to Parents of Patients under Age 18, 2007......Page 106
Table 4.20 Health Care Provider Listened Carefully to Adult Patient, 2007......Page 107
Table 4.21 Health Care Provider Listened Carefully to Parents of Patients under Age 18, 2007......Page 108
Table 4.22 Health Care Provider Showed Respect for What Adult Patient Had to Say, 2007......Page 109
Table 4.23 Health Care Provider Showed Respect for What Parents of Patients under Age 18 Had to Say, 2007......Page 110
Fewer than Half Give Their Health Care Provider the Highest Rating......Page 111
Table 4.24 Adult Patients’ Rating of Health Care Received from Doctor’s Office or Clinic, 2007......Page 112
Table 4.25 Parents’ Rating of Health Care Received by Children at Doctor’s Office or Clinic, 2007......Page 113
Chap. 5 Births......Page 114
Only 65 Percent of Pregnancies Result in Live Births......Page 115
Table 5.2 Pregnancy Outcomes by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2005......Page 116
Americans Support Abortion Rights......Page 117
Table 5.3 Abortions by Selected Characteristics, 1995 to 2005......Page 118
Table 5.4 Support for Legal Abortion by Reason, 1972 to 2008......Page 119
More Women Are Childless......Page 120
Table 5.6 Number of Children Ever Born to Women Aged 40 to 44, 1976 to 2006......Page 121
Table 5.7 Number of Children Ever Born to Women by Age, 2006......Page 122
The Birth Rate Has Risen Since 2000......Page 123
Table 5.9 Average Age of Women When Giving Birth by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990 and 2006......Page 124
Nearly 4 Million Women Gave Birth in 2006......Page 125
Table 5.10 Characteristics of Women Aged 15 to 44 Giving Birth in the Past Year, 2006......Page 126
More than One-Third of Newborns Are Hispanic or Black......Page 127
Table 5.11 Births by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 128
Table 5.12 Births to Hispanics by Age and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 129
Many Births Are to Unmarried Women......Page 130
Table 5.14 Births to Unmarried Women by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 131
Table 5.15 Women Who Have Ever Had a Nonmarital Birth, 2002......Page 132
Forty Percent of Births Are First Births......Page 133
Table 5.16 Births by Age of Mother and Birth Order, 2008......Page 134
Table 5.17 Births by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Birth Order, 2008......Page 135
Older Mothers Are More Likely to Have Caesareans......Page 136
Table 5.18 Births by Age and Method of Delivery, 2006......Page 137
Table 5.19 Births by Age and Plurality, 2006......Page 138
Hispanics Have Higher Fertility Rate......Page 139
Table 5.21 Births to Hispanics by Selected Characteristics and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 140
Breastfeeding Is Increasing......Page 141
Table 5.22 Breastfeeding Trends, 2000 to 2006......Page 142
Chap. 6 Coverage and Cost......Page 144
Health Care Costs Have Grown Rapidly......Page 145
Table 6.2 National Health Care Expenditures by Type of Expenditure, 1960 and 2007......Page 146
Table 6.4 Out-of-Pocket Payments for Personal Health Care Expenditures, 1960 to 2007......Page 147
Table 6.5 Consumer Price Index for Health Care by Type of Product or Service, 2008......Page 148
Table 6.6 Health Care Spending by Country, 2006......Page 149
Fewer Are Covered by Employment-Based Health Insurance......Page 150
Table 6.7 Health Insurance Coverage by Type, 2000 to 2008......Page 151
Table 6.8 Employment-Based Private Health Insurance by Age, 2000 and 2008......Page 152
Table 6.9 People without Health Insurance by Age, 2000 and 2008......Page 153
Hispanics Are Most Likely to Be Uninsured......Page 154
Table 6.10 Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2008......Page 155
Table 6.11 Health Insurance Coverage by Sex, 2008......Page 156
Table 6.12 Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 157
Cost Is the Primary Reason for Being Uninsured......Page 158
Table 6.13 Number Who Lack Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics and Reason, 2008......Page 159
Table 6.14 Percent Who Lack Health Insurance Coverage by Reason, 2008......Page 160
Table 6.15 Percent Who Lack Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 161
Most Children Are Insured through a Family Member’s Employment......Page 162
Table 6.16 Children by Health Insurance Coverage Status, 2008......Page 163
Table 6.17 Percent Distribution of Children by Health Insurance Coverage Status, 2008......Page 164
Table 6.18 Children without Health Insurance, 2008......Page 165
Most Low-Income Workers Do Not Have Access to Employer-Provided Health Insurance......Page 166
Table 6.19 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Medical Benefits......Page 167
Table 6.20 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Outpatient Prescription Drug Coverage......Page 168
Table 6.21 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Dental Insurance......Page 169
Table 6.22 Health Care Benefits, 2009: Vision Benefits......Page 170
Table 6.23 Employee Contributions for Employer-Provided Health Care Coverage, 2009......Page 171
Health Care Spending Rises with Age......Page 172
Table 6.24 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Average Household Spending by Age of Householder......Page 173
Table 6.25 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Indexed Household Spending by Age of Householder......Page 175
Table 6.26 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Total Spending by Age of Householder......Page 177
Table 6.27 Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care, 2008: Market Shares by Age of Householder......Page 179
Table 6.28 Total Spending on All Health Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 182
Insurance Covers Most of the Cost of Physician Visits......Page 183
Table 6.29 Spending on Physician Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 184
Insurance Payments Cover Nearly All Hospital Inpatient Expenses......Page 185
Table 6.30 Spending on Hospital Inpatient Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 186
Table 6.31 Spending on Hospital Outpatient Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 187
Table 6.32 Spending on Emergency Room Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 188
Older Adults Are Most Likely to Buy Prescription Drugs......Page 189
Table 6.33 Spending on Prescription Drugs by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 190
Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses Are Not Covered by Much Insurance......Page 191
Table 6.34 Spending on Optometrist Office Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 192
Table 6.35 Spending on Vision Aids by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 193
Nearly Half the Cost of Dental Visits Is Paid for Out-of-Pocket......Page 194
Table 6.36 Spending on Visits to General Dentists by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 195
Table 6.37 Spending on Orthodontic Office Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 196
Few Americans Visit Chiropractors......Page 197
Table 6.38 Spending on Visits to Nurses or Nurse Practitioners by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 198
Table 6.39 Spending on Chiropractic Office Visits by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 199
Table 6.40 Spending on Home Health Care Services by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 200
Medicaid Rolls Are Growing......Page 201
Table 6.41 Medicaid Coverage by Selected Characteristics, 2000 and 2008......Page 202
Table 6.42 Medicare Enrollees by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 203
Chap. 7 Deaths......Page 204
Hospice Care Is Expanding......Page 205
Table 7.1 Home Health and Hospice Care Agencies, Patients, and Discharges, 2000 and 2007......Page 206
Leading Causes of Death Differ by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin......Page 207
Table 7.2 Leading Causes of Death, 2006......Page 208
Table 7.4 Leading Causes of Death among Males, 2006......Page 209
Table 7.6 Leading Causes of Death among Blacks, 2006......Page 210
Table 7.8 Leading Causes of Death among Non-Hispanic Whites, 2006......Page 211
Heart Disease Is the Leading Killer of the Oldest Adults......Page 212
Table 7.10 Deaths from the 15 Leading Causes of Death, 2006: Distribution by Age......Page 213
Table 7.11 Deaths from the 15 Leading Causes of Death, 2006: Distribution by Cause......Page 214
Accidents Are the Primary Cause of Death among Children......Page 215
Table 7.13 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 1 to 4, 2006......Page 216
Table 7.15 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 15 to 24, 2006......Page 217
Accidental Deaths Become Less Common with Age......Page 218
Table 7.17 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 35 to 44, 2006......Page 219
Table 7.19 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 55 to 64, 2006......Page 220
The Oldest Adults Die from a Wide Variety of Causes......Page 221
Table 7.21 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 65 to 74, 2006......Page 222
Table 7.23 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 85 or Older, 2006......Page 223
Americans Are Living Longer......Page 224
Table 7.24 Life Expectancy by Age, 1950 to 2007......Page 225
Table 7.25 Life Expectancy by Age and Sex, 2007......Page 226
Table 7.26 Life Expectancy by Sex, Age, and Race, 2007......Page 227
Chap. 8 Disability......Page 228
Most Older Americans Have a Disability......Page 229
Table 8.1 Disability Status of People Aged 15 or Older, 2005......Page 230
Table 8.2 Disability Status of Children under Age 15, 2005......Page 232
Many Have Difficulties in Physical Functioning......Page 233
Table 8.3 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 234
Table 8.4 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 235
Table 8.5 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 236
Table 8.6 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 237
Table 8.7 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Educational Attainment, 2008......Page 238
Nearly 11 Million Need Personal Assistance to Function......Page 239
Table 8.8 Need for Assistance, 2005......Page 240
Many Children Have a Learning Disability......Page 241
Table 8.9 Children with a Learning Disability or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 2008......Page 242
Table 8.10 Children Receiving Special Education or Early Intervention Services by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 243
Chronic Health Conditions Often Limit Activities......Page 244
Table 8.11 Limitations in Usual Activities due to Health Problems by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 245
Table 8.12 Limitations in Work Activity due to Health Problems by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 246
Chap. 9 Diseases and Conditions......Page 248
Serious Diseases Are More Common among the Elderly......Page 249
Table 9.1 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 250
Table 9.2 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 251
Table 9.3 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Age, 2008......Page 252
Biological Differences between Men and Women Are behind Disease Patterns......Page 253
Table 9.4 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 254
Table 9.5 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 255
Table 9.6 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Sex, 2008......Page 256
Prevalence of Many Diseases Is Highest among Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks......Page 257
Table 9.7 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 258
Table 9.8 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 259
Table 9.9 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 260
Low Incomes Are Related to Health Problems......Page 261
Table 9.10 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 262
Table 9.11 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 263
Table 9.12 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Household Income, 2008......Page 264
Higher Education Is Linked to Better Health......Page 265
Table 9.13 Number of Health Conditions among Adults by Education, 2008......Page 266
Table 9.14 Percent Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Education, 2008......Page 267
Table 9.15 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Education, 2008......Page 268
Hypertension Rate Has Risen......Page 269
Table 9.17 Hypertension by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 270
Table 9.18 People with High Blood Pressure by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 271
Prevalence of High Cholesterol Is Declining......Page 272
Table 9.20 High Cholesterol by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 273
Table 9.21 Cholesterol Status by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 274
Diabetes Is Increasingly Common......Page 275
Table 9.22 Diabetes by Selected Characteristics, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 276
Table 9.23 People with Diabetes by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 277
Many Americans Report Health Problems......Page 278
Table 9.24 People with Asthma by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 279
Table 9.25 People with Arthritis by Selected Characteristics, 2007......Page 280
Table 9.26 People with Heart Disease by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 281
Table 9.27 Cancer Survival Rates, 1975–77 to 1999–2005......Page 282
Most Have Been Tested for Health Problems......Page 283
Table 9.28 People Aged 50 or Older Who Have Ever Had a Colonoscopy by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 284
Table 9.29 Men Who Have Had Prostate Cancer Screening by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 285
Table 9.30 Women Who Have Had a Pap Test by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 286
Table 9.31 Women Who Have Had a Mammogram by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 287
AIDS Hits Minorities Hard......Page 288
Table 9.32 Cumulative AIDS Cases by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, through 2007......Page 289
Table 9.33 Cumulative AIDS Cases by Sex and Transmission Category, through 2007......Page 290
Flu Shots Have Become Increasingly Popular......Page 291
Table 9.34 Influenza Vaccination among Adults by Age, 1989 to 2007......Page 292
Children’s Health Problems Vary by Age, Sex, and Race......Page 293
Table 9.35 Health Conditions among Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 294
Table 9.36 Distribution of Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics of Children, 2008......Page 295
Table 9.37 Percent of Children with Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 296
Prescription Drug Use Is Increasing......Page 297
Table 9.38 Prescription Drug Use by Sex and Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 298
Table 9.39 Prescription Drug Use by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 1988–94 and 2003–06......Page 299
Some Health Conditions Are More Costly than Others......Page 300
Table 9.40 Number of Health Events by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 301
Table 9.41 Number of People Experiencing Health Events by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 302
Table 9.42 Cost of Health Events by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 303
Table 9.43 Average Expense Per Health Event, by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 304
Table 9.44 Average Expense Per Person Experiencing Health Event, by Condition and Type of Service, 2007......Page 305
Chap. 10 Health Care Visits......Page 306
Physician Visits Have Declined......Page 307
Table 10.1 Health Care Visits, 1996 to 2006......Page 308
Table 10.2 Delayed Medical Care, 1997 and 2007......Page 309
Table 10.3 Did Not Get Prescriptions, 1997 and 2007......Page 310
Table 10.5 Health Care Visits by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2006......Page 311
Table 10.6 Health Care Visits by Sex, 2006......Page 312
Women Are More Likely than Men to Visit Health Care Providers......Page 313
Table 10.7 Number of Office Visits to a Health Care Professional by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 314
Table 10.8 Percent Distribution of Office Visits to Health Care Professionals by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 315
Table 10.9 Length of Time since Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 316
Table 10.10 Percent Distribution by Length of Time since Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional, 2008......Page 317
Teenagers Are Least Likely to Visit a Doctor Frequently......Page 318
Table 10.11 Problems with Health Care Access for Children by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 319
Table 10.12 Percent of Children with Problems Accessing Health Care, 2008......Page 320
Table 10.13 Length of Time since Child’s Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 321
Table 10.14 Percent Distribution of Children by Length of Time since Child’s Last Office Visit to a Health Care Professional, 2008......Page 322
Women Seek Health Care More Often than Men......Page 323
Table 10.15 Physician Office Visits by Sex and Age, 2006......Page 324
Table 10.16 Physician Office Visits by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2006......Page 325
Preventive Care Visits Are Most Common among the Young......Page 326
Table 10.17 Physician Office Visits for Preventive Care, 2006......Page 327
Table 10.18 Physician Office Visits by Major Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 328
Table 10.19 Physician Office Visits by Detailed Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 329
Table 10.20 Physician Office Visits by Major Disease Category and Primary Diagnosis Group, 2006......Page 330
Most Doctor Visits include a Blood Pressure Reading......Page 331
Table 10.21 Physician Office Visits by Services Provided, 2006......Page 332
Table 10.22 Blood Pressure Measurements by Selected Characteristics, 2006......Page 333
Table 10.23 Physician Office Visits by Education Services and Nonmedication Treatments Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 334
Most Doctor Visits Last Less than 15 Minutes......Page 335
Table 10.24 Physician Office Visits by Time Spent with Physician, 2006......Page 336
Table 10.25 Physician Office Visits by Continuity of Care, 2006......Page 337
Most Patients Prefer to See a Doctor......Page 338
Table 10.26 Physician Office Visits by Providers Seen, 2006......Page 339
Drugs Are Prescribed at Most Doctor Visits......Page 340
Table 10.27 Physician Office Visits by Drug Therapy and Physician Specialty, 2006......Page 341
Table 10.28 Number of Unique Prescriptions and Refills Purchased by Selected Characteristics, 2006......Page 342
Table 10.29 Medications Most Frequently Prescribed during Physician Office Visits by Therapeutic Class, 2006......Page 343
Table 10.30 Twenty-Five Drug Brands on Which Households Spend the Most, 2007......Page 344
Table 10.31 Ten Drug Brands Prescribed the Most by Number of Purchases, 2007......Page 345
Most People See a Dentist Regularly......Page 346
Table 10.32 Length of Time since Last Dental Visit by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 347
Table 10.33 Percent Distribution by Length of Time since Last Dental Visit by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 348
Table 10.34 Dental Care Access and Length of Time since Last Dental Visit among Children, 2008......Page 349
Table 10.35 Percent Distribution of Children by Dental Care Access and Length of Time since Last Dental Visit, 2008......Page 350
Chap. 11 Hospital Care......Page 352
Blacks Are Most Likely to Use Hospital Outpatient Services......Page 353
Table 11.1 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Sex and Age, 2006......Page 354
Table 11.2 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2006......Page 355
Acute Health Problems Are the Most Common Reason for Visiting Hospital Outpatient Departments......Page 356
Table 11.3 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Major Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 357
Table 11.4 Visits to Hospital Outpatient Departments by Detailed Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 358
Table 11.6 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Provider Seen, 2006......Page 359
Table 11.7 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Services Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 360
Table 11.8 Hospital Outpatient Department Visits by Therapeutic Services Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 361
Emergency Room Visits Rise Sharply in the Oldest Age Group......Page 362
Table 11.9 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Sex and Age, 2006......Page 363
Table 11.10 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Race and Age, 2006......Page 364
Emergency Room Visits by Older Adults Are Most Likely to Be Emergencies......Page 365
Table 11.11 Emergency Department Visits by Selected Characteristics and Urgency of Problem, 2006......Page 366
Table 11.12 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Reason for Visit, 2006......Page 367
Table 11.13 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Primary Diagnosis, 2006......Page 368
Table 11.14 Hospital Emergency Department Visits by Provider Seen, 2006......Page 369
Table 11.15 Visits to Hospital Emergency Departments by Diagnostic and Screening Services Ordered or Provided, 2006......Page 370
Older Adults Are More Likely to Need Hospitalization......Page 371
Table 11.16 Overnight Hospital Stays by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 372
Table 11.17 Hospital Discharges and Length of Stay, 2006......Page 373
The Oldest Account for the Largest Share of Hospitalizations......Page 374
Table 11.18 Number of Hospital Discharges by Diagnosis and Age, 2006......Page 375
Table 11.19 Percent Distribution of Hospital Discharges by Diagnosis and Age, 2006......Page 377
Heart Disease Is Most Likely to Lead to Hospitalization......Page 379
Table 11.20 Number and Rate of Discharges from Hospitals by Diagnosis, 2006......Page 380
Table 11.21 Length of Hospital Stay by Diagnosis, 1980 and 2006......Page 382
Hospitals Provide a Wide Variety of Services......Page 384
Table 11.22 Number of Hospital Discharges by Procedure and Age, 2006......Page 385
Table 11.23 Percent Distribution of Hospital Discharges by Procedure and Age, 2006......Page 387
Table 11.24 Discharges from Hospitals by Procedure, 2006......Page 389
Chap. 12 Mental Health......Page 392
More than One in Four Adults Has a Diagnosable Mental Disorder......Page 393
Table 12.1 Prevalence of Mental Disorders, 2008......Page 394
Table 12.3 Frequent Mental Stress in Past Month, 1995 to 2008......Page 395
Table 12.4 Americans with a History of Depression by Selected Characteristics, 2009......Page 396
Table 12.5 Americans Who Have Looked Online for Mental Health Information, by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 397
Women Are More Likely to Experience Mental Health Problems......Page 398
Table 12.6 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2008......Page 399
Table 12.7 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Sex, 2008......Page 400
Table 12.8 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008......Page 401
Income Is Strongly Linked to Mental Health Problems......Page 402
Table 12.9 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Household Income, 2008......Page 403
Table 12.10 Mental Health Conditions among Adults by Education, 2008......Page 404
Many Teenagers Struggle with Mental Health Issues......Page 405
Table 12.11 High School Students Who Felt Sad or Hopeless, 2007......Page 406
Table 12.12 Suicidal Ideation among High School Students, 2007......Page 407
Chap. 13 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior......Page 408
Americans Have Increasingly Liberal Attitudes toward Sexual Behavior......Page 409
Table 13.1 Sex Education in Public Schools, 1974 to 2008......Page 410
Table 13.2 Premarital Sex, 1972 to 2008......Page 411
Table 13.3 Homosexual Relations, 1973 to 2008......Page 412
Most Teenagers Think Anything Goes between Consenting Adults......Page 413
Table 13.4 Attitude of Teenagers toward Sexual Activity, Childbearing, and Cohabitation, 2002......Page 414
Table 13.6 Attitude of Girls Aged 15 to 19 toward Pregnancy, 2002......Page 415
Most Teenagers Have Sex before Reaching Age 18......Page 416
Table 13.8 Sexual Intercourse Experience of Girls Aged 15 to 19, 1988 and 2002......Page 417
Table 13.9 Sexual Behavior of 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2007......Page 418
Younger Teens Are Less Likely to Use Contraception......Page 419
Table 13.10 Contraceptive Use among People Aged 15 to 19, 2002......Page 420
Table 13.11 Reason People Aged 15 to 19 Have Never Had Sexual Intercourse, 2002......Page 421
Nearly Everyone Has Had Sex by Age 22......Page 422
Table 13.13 Women Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse by Age and Marital Status, 2002......Page 423
Table 13.14 People Aged 18 or Older by Number of Sex Partners in Past Year, 1988 to 2008......Page 424
Table 13.15 Relationship between Men Aged 15 to 44 and Last Sexual Partner, 2002......Page 425
Table 13.16 Relationship between Women Aged 15 to 44 and First Male Sexual Partner, 2002......Page 426
Most Women Use Contraception......Page 427
Table 13.17 Current Contraceptive Use Status of Women, 1982 and 2002......Page 428
Table 13.19 Current Method of Contraception among Women by Marital Status, 2002......Page 429
Table 13.21 Current Method of Contraception among Women by Education, 2002......Page 430
Table 13.22 Use of Family Planning Services by Selected Characteristics, 2002......Page 431
Chap. 14 Weight and Exercise......Page 432
Shifts in Eating Habits Reflect Fads and Findings......Page 433
Table 14.1 Food and Beverage Consumption, 2000 and 2007......Page 434
Decades of Overeating Tip the Scales......Page 437
Table 14.2 Average Measured Weight by Sex and Age, 1976–80 and 2003–06......Page 438
Table 14.4 Caloric Intake by Sex and Age, 1976–80 and 2003–06......Page 439
Most Americans Are Overweight......Page 440
Table 14.6 Adults Measured as Overweight by Sex and Age, 1976–80 and 2003–06......Page 441
Table 14.7 Adults Measured as Obese by Sex and Age, 1976–80 and 2003–06......Page 442
Americans Are In Denial about Their Weight......Page 443
Table 14.8 Self-Reported Weight Status of People Aged 18 or Older by Selected Characteristics, 2008......Page 444
Many Children Are Overweight......Page 445
Table 14.9 Children Measured as Overweight by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Age, 2003–06......Page 446
Table 14.10 Weight Problems and Dieting Behavior of 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2007......Page 447
Most Want to Lose Weight......Page 448
Table 14.12 Self-Reported and Ideal Weight by Sex, 1990 to 2009......Page 449
Americans Do Not Exercise Enough......Page 450
Table 14.13 Physical Activity Status of People Aged 18 or Older, 2008......Page 451
Table 14.14 Frequency of Vigorous Physical Activity among People Aged 18 or Older, 2008......Page 452
Most High School Students Play Sports......Page 453
Table 14.15 Participation of High School Students in Physical Education Classes, Team Sports, and Physical Activity, 2007......Page 454
Participation in Some Sports Is Declining......Page 455
Table 14.16 Sports Participation of People Aged 7 or Older, 1998 and 2008......Page 456
Table 14.17 Sports Participation of Children Aged 7 to 17, 1998 and 2007......Page 457
Glossary......Page 459
Bibliography......Page 467
Index......Page 471