American Government: Brief edition, Ninth edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 14
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 16
Enduring Questions......Page 18
The Meanings of Democracy......Page 19
Two Kinds of Democracy......Page 20
The Puzzles of American Government......Page 21
To What Ends?......Page 22
Reconsidering the Enduring Questions......Page 23
Suggested Readings......Page 24
The Problem of Liberty......Page 25
Human Nature......Page 26
The Real Revolution......Page 27
The Constitutional Convention......Page 28
The Lessons of Experience......Page 29
The Framers......Page 30
The Challenge......Page 31
Large States Versus Small States......Page 33
The Constitution and Democracy......Page 34
Government and Human Nature......Page 36
The Antifederalist View......Page 38
Need for a Bill of Rights......Page 40
The Constitution and Slavery......Page 41
Political Ideals or Economic Interests?......Page 43
A Recipe for Moderation......Page 44
Summary......Page 46
Online Resources: The Constitution......Page 47
Suggested Readings......Page 48
Enduring Questions......Page 49
Making Constitutional Rights Apply to the Stetes......Page 50
Freedom of Expression......Page 51
The Free-Exercise Clause......Page 57
The Establishment Clause......Page 58
Crime and Due Process......Page 62
Search and Seizure......Page 63
Confessions and Self-Incrimination......Page 67
Terrorism and Civil Liberties......Page 68
Summary......Page 70
Suggested Readings......Page 71
Race and “Strict Scrutiny”......Page 72
Sex and “Reasonable Classifications”......Page 78
Decisions Allowing Differences Based on Sex......Page 81
Sexual Harassment......Page 82
Privacy and Sex......Page 84
Reconsidering the Enduring Questions......Page 86
Suggested Readings......Page 87
Enduring Questions......Page 88
Federalism: Good or Bad?......Page 89
The Founding......Page 91
Elastic Language......Page 92
The Supreme Court Speaks......Page 93
Dual Federalism......Page 94
The States Get Some Authority Back......Page 95
Fiscal Federalism......Page 96
The Intergovernmental Lobby......Page 99
Federal Aid and Federal Control......Page 100
Rivalry Among the States......Page 102
Evaluating Federalism......Page 104
Reconsidering the Enduring Questions......Page 105
Suggested Readings......Page 106
Enduring Questions......Page 107
What Is Public Opinion?......Page 109
Why Do We Distrust the Federal Government?......Page 110
The Role of the Family......Page 112
Effects of Religion......Page 115
Education......Page 117
The Gender Gap......Page 118
Occupation......Page 119
Region......Page 120
Political Ideology......Page 121
Activists......Page 122
Analyzing Consistency......Page 123
The Impact of the Media......Page 124
Degree of Competition......Page 125
The National Media......Page 126
The Internet and the World Wide Web......Page 127
Regulation and Deregulation......Page 128
Coverage of Congress......Page 130
Interpreting Political News......Page 131
Are News Stories Slanted?......Page 132
News Leaks......Page 133
The Influence of Media Opinions on Opinion and Politics......Page 134
The Influence of Politicians on the Media......Page 136
Summary......Page 137
Online Resources: Public Opinion and the Media......Page 138
Suggested Readings......Page 139
Enduring Questions......Page 140
Political Culture......Page 141
The Rise and Decline of American Political Parties......Page 142
The National Party Structure Today......Page 144
National Conventions......Page 145
The Machine......Page 147
Ideological Parties......Page 149
Personal Followings......Page 150
The Two-Party System......Page 151
The Two-Party System and Public Opinion......Page 152
Nominating a President......Page 154
Are the Delegates Representative of the Voters?......Page 155
Who Are the New Delegates?......Page 156
Do the Parties Differ?......Page 157
Interest Groups......Page 158
The Birth of Interest Groups......Page 159
Institutional Interests......Page 160
Membership Interests......Page 161
Federal Grants and Contracts......Page 163
The Problem of Bias......Page 164
Information......Page 165
Money and PACs......Page 166
Demonstrations......Page 169
Regulating Interest Groups......Page 171
Summary......Page 172
Reconsidering the Enduring Questions......Page 173
Suggested Readings......Page 174
Enduring Questions......Page 176
Why People Participate......Page 177
The Rise of the American Electorate......Page 178
Voting Turnout......Page 180
Explaining—and Improving—Turnout......Page 181
Political Campaigns......Page 183
Strategy......Page 184
Using Television......Page 186
The Effects of Campaigns......Page 188
Single-Issue Groups......Page 191
How to Win the Election......Page 192
Party Realignments......Page 195
A Winning Coalition......Page 197
Modern Technology and Political Campaigns......Page 200
Computers and Direct Mail......Page 201
Are Today’s Voters “Manipulated”?......Page 202
Where Does the Money Come From?......Page 203
The Effects of Elections on Policy......Page 208
Reconsidering the Enduring Questions......Page 210
Suggested Readings......Page 211
Enduring Questions......Page 212
The Evolution of Congress......Page 214
Who Is in Congress......Page 215
Party......Page 217
Getting Elected to Congress......Page 218
Party Organizations......Page 219
Party Voting......Page 222
Caucuses......Page 223
The Organization of Congress: Committees......Page 224
The Organization of Congress: Staffs and Specialized Offices......Page 228
Staff Agencies......Page 229
Introducing a Bill......Page 230
Study by Committees......Page 231
Floor Debate......Page 233
Methods of Voting......Page 235
Representational View......Page 236
Attitudinal View......Page 237
A Polarized Congress in an Unpolarized Nation......Page 238
Ethics and Congress......Page 240
The Power of Congress......Page 241
What It All Means......Page 243
Summary......Page 244
Reconsidering the Enduring Questions......Page 245
Suggested Readings......Page 246
Enduring Questions......Page 247
Powers of the President Shared with Congress as a Whole......Page 249
The Evolution of the Presidency......Page 250
The Jacksonians and the Reemergence of Congress......Page 252
The Modern Presidency......Page 253
Executive Office of the President......Page 254
The Cabinet......Page 255
Who Gets Appointed......Page 257
Popularity and Influence......Page 258
The Decline in Popularity......Page 261
Presidential Character......Page 262
Veto......Page 265
Impoundment of Funds......Page 266
Putting Together a Program......Page 267
Presidential Transitions......Page 268
Problems of Succession......Page 269
Impeachment......Page 270
The President Versus Congress......Page 271
The President and Foreign Affairs......Page 272
The President and Economic Policy......Page 275
Summary......Page 278
Suggested Readings......Page 279
Enduring Questions......Page 281
The Growth of the Bureaucracy......Page 282
Bureaucracy Before the New Deal Era......Page 283
A Change in Role......Page 284
The Federal Bureaucracy Today......Page 286
Recruitment and Retention......Page 289
Personal Attributes......Page 292
Roles and Mission......Page 294
Outside Forces......Page 295
Congressional Oversight......Page 297
The Appropriations Committee and Legislative Committees......Page 298
Bureaucratic “Pathologies”......Page 299
Summary......Page 302
Online Resources: The Bureaucracy......Page 303
Suggested Readings......Page 304
Enduring Questions......Page 305
The Development of the Federal Courts......Page 307
National Supremacy and Slavery......Page 308
Government and the Economy......Page 310
The Protection of Political Liberty and Economic Regulation......Page 311
The Structure of the Federal Courts......Page 312
The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts......Page 315
Getting to Court......Page 318
Standing......Page 319
Class-Action Suits......Page 321
The Supreme Court in Action......Page 323
The Power to Make Policy......Page 325
Views of Judicial Activism......Page 326
The Causes of Activism......Page 328
Congress and the Courts......Page 329
Public Opinion and the Courts......Page 331
Summary......Page 332
Suggested Readings......Page 333
Enduring Questions......Page 335
Politics and the Economy......Page 336
What Economic Numbers Hurt the President?......Page 337
Fiscal Policy......Page 338
Changing Social Security......Page 342
Changing Medicare......Page 343
Making Policy Decisions......Page 344
Majoritarian Politics......Page 345
Client Politics......Page 346
Interest-Group Politics......Page 347
Entrepreneurial Politics......Page 348
Summary......Page 350
Suggested Readings......Page 351
Enduring Questions......Page 353
The Constitutional Framework......Page 354
Three Major Problems......Page 355
Rebuilding Nations......Page 356
Foreign Policy and Terrorism......Page 357
Changing the Military......Page 360
The Politics of Foreign and Military Policy......Page 361
Summary......Page 364
Suggested Readings......Page 365
15 How American Government Has Changed......Page 367
The Old System......Page 369
The New System......Page 371
A Future System?......Page 373
The Declaration of Independence......Page 374
The Constitution of the United States......Page 377
The Federalist No. 10......Page 395
The Federalist No. 51......Page 401
Presidents and Congresses, 1789–2009......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 410
GLOSSARY......Page 418
CREDITS......Page 426
INDEX......Page 428