American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process, 7th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 18
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 26
PART I: Analytical and Thematic Perspectives on American Foreign Policy......Page 28
1 In Search of American Foreign Policy: A Thematic Introduction......Page 30
The American Centuries......Page 31
Toward a Grand Strategy for the Second American Century......Page 36
Toward Explanation......Page 41
Suggested Readings......Page 42
Notes......Page 43
2 Pattern and Process in American Foreign Policy: An Analytical Perspective......Page 44
The Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 45
Explaining Policy Patterns......Page 46
The Multiple Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 50
Key Terms......Page 52
Notes......Page 53
PART II: Patterns of American Foreign Policy......Page 54
3 Principle, Power, and Pragmatism: The Goals of American Foreign Policy in Historical Perspective......Page 56
Principle and Pragmatism, 1776–1941: Isolationism, Expansionism, and Imperialism......Page 57
Power and Principle, 1946–1989: Global Activism, Anticommunism, and Containment......Page 66
In Search of a Rationale: From the Berlin Wall to 9/11and Beyond......Page 83
Principle, Power, or Pragmatism: Should Power Now Be First?......Page 98
Suggested Readings......Page 99
Notes......Page 100
4 Instruments of Global Influence: Military Might and Interventionism......Page 102
The Common Defense: Military Globalism and Conventional Forces......Page 103
Strategic Doctrine Then and Now: Nuclear Weapons as Instruments of Compellence and Deterrence......Page 118
Arms Control and National Security......Page 127
Key Terms......Page 131
Notes......Page 132
5 Instruments of Global Influence: Covert Activities, Foreign Aid, Sanctions, and Public Diplomacy......Page 134
Covert Intervention:Intelligence Collection and Covert Action......Page 135
Foreign Assistance: Intervention without Coercion......Page 145
Sanctions: Coercion without Intervention?......Page 158
Public Diplomacy: Using Information and Ideas to Intervene......Page 162
Suggested Readings......Page 166
Notes......Page 167
PART III: External Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 170
6 Principle, Power, and Pragmatism in the Twenty-First Century: The International Political System in Transition......Page 172
The Distribution of Power as a Source of American Foreign Policy......Page 173
The Global South in the Twenty-First Century......Page 185
The North–South Divide: Conflict or Cooperation?......Page 202
Transnational Interdependence: Agents of Challenge and Change......Page 212
American Foreign Policy at the Onset of a New Century......Page 221
Notes......Page 222
7 The World Political Economy in Transition: Opportunities and Constraints in a Globalizing World......Page 224
America’s Hegemonic Role in the Liberal International Economic Order: An Overview......Page 226
America’s Role in the Management of the International Monetary System......Page 229
America’s Role in the Management of the International Trade System......Page 242
The Politics of Money and Grade in a Globalizing World: Primacy and Muddling Through......Page 261
Suggested Readings......Page 262
Notes......Page 263
PART IV: Societal Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 266
8 Americans’ Values, Beliefs, and Preferences: Political Culture and Public Opinion in Foreign Policy......Page 268
Political Culture and Foreign Policy......Page 270
Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: A Snapshot......Page 277
Foreign Policy Opinion and Its Impact......Page 278
A Public Impact on American Foreign Policy?......Page 302
Key Terms......Page 307
Notes......Page 308
9 The Transmission of Values, Beliefs, and Preferences: Interest Groups, Mass Media, and Presidential Elections......Page 310
Democratic Liberalism in Theory and Practice......Page 311
The Role of the Mass Media in the Opinion-Interest-Policy Process......Page 332
The Impact of Foreign Policy Attitudes and Issues on Presidential Elections......Page 344
Linkages between Societal Sources and American Foreign Policy......Page 348
Suggested Readings......Page 349
Notes......Page 350
PART V: Governmental Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 352
10 Presidential Preeminence in Foreign Policy Making......Page 354
The Presidency: The Center of the Foreign Affairs Government......Page 355
The Setting of Presidential Preeminence......Page 357
The Structures of Presidential Preeminence......Page 360
Presidential Preeminence in the Twenty-First Century......Page 388
Suggested Readings......Page 390
Notes......Page 391
11 The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy Making......Page 394
The Department of State......Page 395
The Department of Defense......Page 405
The Intelligence Community......Page 415
Economic Agents in a Globalizing World......Page 433
Key Terms......Page 436
Notes......Page 437
12 The Congress and Foreign Policy Making......Page 440
The Setting of Congressional Foreign Policy Making......Page 441
Avenues of Congressional Foreign Policy Influence......Page 442
Obstacles to Congressional Foreign Policy Making......Page 463
Congress and the President......Page 469
Congress and Twenty-First Century Foreign Policy......Page 476
Notes......Page 477
PART VI: Role Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 480
13 The Process of Decision Making: Roles, Rationality, and the Impact of Bureaucratic Organizations......Page 482
Roles as a Source of Foreign Policy......Page 483
Foreign Policy Making as a Rational Process......Page 484
The Case Against Bureaucratic Foreign Policy Making......Page 491
Policy Consequences of Organizational Decision Making......Page 500
Roles and the Process of Decision Making: Credits and Debits......Page 512
Suggested Readings......Page 513
Notes......Page 514
PART VII: Individuals as Sources of American Foreign Policy......Page 516
14 Leader Characteristics and Foreign Policy Performance......Page 518
Individuals and Foreign Policy Performance......Page 519
The Impact of Individuals’ Personality and Cognitive Characteristics......Page 532
Limits on the Explanatory Power of Individual Factors......Page 538
Do Individuals Make a Difference? Psychological Limits on Policy Change......Page 542
Questionable Utility of the ‘‘Hero-in-History’’ Thesis......Page 543
Suggested Readings......Page 544
Notes......Page 545
PART VIII: Pattern and Process in American Foreign Policy......Page 546
The Bush Doctrine: Retrospect and Prospect......Page 548
What to Do with American Primacy?......Page 558
The Sources of American Foreign Policy Revisited......Page 559
The Second American Century: A Challenging Future......Page 575
Suggested Readings......Page 576
Notes......Page 577
GLOSSARY......Page 580
REFERENCES......Page 596
INDEX......Page 660