America's Backyard: The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror

Acknowledgements......Page 7
Map of Latin America\n......Page 9
1 Introduction......Page 10
Conquest and the Legacy of Colonialism......Page 17
The Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny......Page 18
Challenging the British in the Caribbean and Central America......Page 19
Cuba and the Platt Amendment......Page 20
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904......Page 21
US Military Interventions in Central America and the Caribbean, 1898–1934......Page 22
To Roosevelt......Page 23
Interventions and Dollar Diplomacy......Page 24
Banana Republics......Page 26
The United Fruit Co.......Page 27
The Good Neighbor Policy and Friendly Dictators, 1933–39......Page 28
The Second World War......Page 29
Juan Perón......Page 30
3 The Cold War: The Guatemalan Coup and the Cuban Revolution......Page 32
The CIA and Covert Action......Page 34
The Coup in Guatemala, 1954......Page 35
United Fruit and the Eisenhower Government......Page 36
‘I have made a sad and cruel judgement’......Page 37
The Bolivian Revolution......Page 38
The Cuban Revolution......Page 39
Pushed into the Arms of the Soviet Union......Page 41
Bay of Pigs......Page 42
Bay of Pigs Declassified......Page 43
The Cuban Missile Crisis......Page 44
Exporting Revolution in Latin America and Che Guevara......Page 45
‘Create two, three … many Vietnams, that is the watchword’......Page 46
4 The Alliance for Progress......Page 48
Counter-insurgency......Page 49
The School of the Americas and Torture Training Manuals......Page 50
CIA’s Handbook for Torturers......Page 51
The Invasion of the Dominican Republic, 1965......Page 53
‘The invasion by North American capitalist companies’......Page 54
The Quiet Intervention: Brazil, 1964......Page 55
Destabilization in Guyana......Page 56
Historical Roots of Latin American Dictatorships......Page 57
5 The Military Governments of the 1970s......Page 59
The 1964 Election......Page 60
Planning a Coup......Page 61
US Companies in Chile......Page 62
Urgent Directive sent from CIA Director Richard Helms to the CIA Station in Santiago......Page 63
The US Role in the 1973 Coup......Page 65
The Pinochet Coup......Page 67
‘I shall sacrifice my life in loyalty to my people’......Page 69
Victor Jara: An Unfinished Song......Page 70
The US and the Pinochet Regime......Page 71
Missing......Page 72
Investors’ Paradise......Page 73
Nixon, Kissinger and Congress......Page 74
A Friend in Paraguay......Page 75
Kissinger Welcomes the Junta......Page 76
US Congress Stands Up for Human Rights......Page 77
Carter, Reagan and Dictatorships......Page 78
Ronald Reagan and the New Right......Page 80
Carter and the Nicaraguan Revolution......Page 81
The Somoza Dynasty: Loyal Allies of the USA......Page 82
Reagan’s War on Nicaragua......Page 85
Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare......Page 86
The Freedom Fighter’s Manual......Page 87
The US Congress Approves Contra Aid......Page 88
The Sandinista Revolution......Page 90
El Salvador......Page 94
The Murder of Archbishop Romero......Page 95
The Invasion of Grenada......Page 98
‘Anybody who thinks you’re going to find a cable that says that Roberto D’Aubuisson murdered the archbishop is a fool’......Page 101
US Training of Death Squads......Page 104
Garrison Honduras......Page 105
Ambassador Negroponte......Page 106
Genocide in Guatemala......Page 107
Reagan’s Legacy......Page 109
7 The End of the Cold War: 1989-2001......Page 110
The Invasion of Panama......Page 111
Noriega, Drugs and the United States......Page 113
Operation Just Cause......Page 115
The Clinton Years......Page 116
The Zapatistas......Page 119
The Zapatistas: Let Us Introduce Ourselves......Page 117
The United States and the Zapatistas......Page 120
The Invasion of Haiti......Page 121
Cuba......Page 123
Plan Colombia......Page 125
Breakdown of Plan Colombia Aid......Page 128
8 George W. Bush and the ‘War on Terror\'......Page 129
The Spectre of Brazil’s President Lula......Page 132
The Radical Populists......Page 133
Who Makes US Foreign Policy?......Page 134
Who Was Who in the Bush Administration (2001–09): the Reaganites Return......Page 135
The New Strategy of the US Military in Latin America......Page 136
The US Military in Latin America......Page 137
Military Bases and Radar Sites Used by the US in Latin America......Page 138
US Military Priorities in Latin America......Page 139
Venezuela......Page 140
Chávez’s Personal Electoral Mandate......Page 142
Chávez Addresses the United Nations......Page 150
Bolivia......Page 152
An Interview with Activist Evo Morales......Page 153
Nicaragua......Page 157
‘Daniel Ortega is a declared enemy of the United States’......Page 159
Haiti Timeline......Page 160
Cuba......Page 162
‘Cuba is developing a biological weapons effort’......Page 163
The Bush Administration Harbours Terrorists......Page 164
Planning for the Death of Castro......Page 166
Colombia......Page 168
Internal Displacement in Colombia......Page 169
Who is Alvaro Uribe?......Page 170
Number of Colombian Troops Trained by the US......Page 171
US Military and Economic/Social Aid to Colombia ,1997–2007......Page 172
Why Do Peasants Grow Coca?......Page 176
Seizures of Cocaine, 1999–2004......Page 177
The Economic Advantages of Coca......Page 178
Meeting Coca Growers in the Amazon......Page 179
Who are the Drugs Traffickers?......Page 180
Narco-guerrillas?......Page 181
Fumigation......Page 182
The Herbicide......Page 183
Poisoning the Population?......Page 184
Contaminating Neighbouring Countries......Page 185
Biological Warfare?......Page 186
Coca Cultivation in the Andes, 1987–2006......Page 187
The Balloon Effect of Plan Colombia, 2001–2005, by Region......Page 188
Coca in Bolivia and Peru......Page 189
Evo Morales Takes a Coca Leaf to the United Nations......Page 191
The US Response......Page 192
Alternatives......Page 193
Reducing Demand......Page 194
Marijuana Cultivation......Page 195
10 Money, Multinationals and Misery......Page 197
Number of People Living in Poverty in Latin America, 1980–2002......Page 198
Inequality Rates, 1997–2001......Page 199
The IMF and the World Bank......Page 200
Neoliberalism and the IMF......Page 201
Latin America’s Foreign Debt, 1980–2000......Page 202
The Lost Decade......Page 203
Poverty, Unemployment and Falling Wages in the 1990s......Page 204
The Informal Economy: Working on the Street......Page 205
The Strategies of US Corporations in the 1990s......Page 206
The IMF’s Role in Argentina’s Downfall......Page 207
The World Trade Organization......Page 209
Trade Facts......Page 210
Free Trade Deals......Page 211
NAFTA......Page 212
Maquiladoras......Page 213
Made in Mexico......Page 214
Goods Made in Mexico’s Maquiladoras, 2005......Page 215
Maquiladoras in Central America – an Overview......Page 216
US Trade with Latin America......Page 217
The Economic Interests of the US State in Latin America......Page 218
US Exports and Imports, 2003......Page 219
Importance of the US for Latin American Trade, 2002–03......Page 220
The Threat from China......Page 221
Alternatives to Neoliberalism in Latin America......Page 222
US Investment Shares by Country, 1996–2002......Page 223
11 Coca-Cola, Cartoons and Caricature......Page 224
Negative Stereotypes of Latin Americans......Page 227
How Latin America Sees the US......Page 230
‘The Haughtiness of the United States’......Page 231
Mr Danger......Page 232
Latin American opinions on US culture......Page 234
What Impact Has US Culture Had on Latin America?......Page 235
US Influence on Latin American Media......Page 236
Latinizing the United States......Page 238
Occupation by Ethnicity, 2006......Page 239
The Language and Identity of Latinos......Page 240
Postscript......Page 242
Appendix A: US Military Interventions in Latin America in the Twentieth Century......Page 246
Appendix B: Dictators Who Took Training Courses at the School of the Americas......Page 247
1 Introduction......Page 248
2 The Monroe Doctrine to the Second World War......Page 249
3 The Cold War......Page 250
5 The Military Governments of the 1970s......Page 251
6 Reagan and the Central American Tragedy......Page 253
7 The End of the Cold War, 1989–2001......Page 256
8 George W. Bush and the ‘War on Terror’......Page 257
9 Why US Drugs Policy Doesn’t Work......Page 261
10 Money, Multinationals and Misery......Page 262
11 Coca-Cola, Cartoons and Caricature......Page 263
Index......Page 266